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‘Limited impact on Indian websites, applications’: MeitY clarifies after eMudhra security scare; all you need to know about the issue that rattled Google, Apple and other tech giants

On 21st October (Wednesday), the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) informed that a special team has been established to look into a security incident involving eMudhra’s Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), taking a “serious note” of the matter. However, the minister assured that its effects on Indian websites and applications have been minimal and transient.

The ministry advised people not to fall for those engaging in fear-mongering and specified that its Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) is responsible for the regulation of the granting of Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs) and eSign services.

However, the global trust framework governs the issuance of digital certificates that are trusted by popular operating systems and browsers as well as serve to safeguard websites, software, and online communications, referring to the function as “international in nature.”

The ministry added that it “is governed by international standards and subject to independent audits, including WebTrust audits conducted by BDO International Limited.” It mentioned that the development is exclusively about this and “MeitY is not involved in its audit. The impact of this incident on Indian websites and applications has been very limited and for a very short interval.”

MeitY emphasised that it is actively engaged with all stakeholders to bring about the earliest possible resolution to this incident, outlining, “CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team) has also issued an advisory in r/o the incident, including the mitigation measures.”

It stated that more details will be provided after the inquiry is completed and noted that “Digital Signature Certificates and eSign services regulated by CCA remain completely unaffected by this incident.”

According to CERT-In’s advisory, eMudhra revealed that 8 intermediate Certification Authority (CA) certificates in its public key infrastructure (PKI) had their private keys accessed. These included two code-signing certificates and 6 Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates.

TLS protocols aid in the safe transfer of data between browsers, applications, and websites while digital certificates foster trust in online assets. To secure digital communications, encryption and other security procedures require both private and public keys.

CERT-In cautioned that hackers might exploit the stolen keys to create fake certificates for domains they don’t control. The malicious actors could be able to intercept or alter encrypted communications via such TLS credentials to pose as trustworthy websites and enable man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Additionally, counterfeit code-signing certificates could be generated leveraging the compromised code-signing keys.

Why Google, Mozilla and other browsers blocked eMudhra certificates

On 17th October, it was revealed that 8 (of multiple) eMudhra Global TLS intermediate CAs had cryptographically weak keys. These were not produced with appropriate randomness, rendering them relatively easy to decipher. 2 of these certificates were employed for digitally signing software, and the other 6 were intended for website authentication. Wayne, an independent security researcher, found the risk and flagged it to browser firms.

The administration of digital certificates relies heavily on cryptographic keys. A private key is utilised to verify the identity of an organisation, like a website or software publisher, and is designed to stay confidential. Hence, these must possess significant unpredictability to prevent them from being anticipated or reconstructed by outsiders.

The vulnerability allowed attackers to likely redevelop the private keys linked to the impacted intermediate authorities in just a couple of seconds. This could help them to spoof websites, provide counterfeit certificates that look authentic, or present dangerous software as reliable.

Meanwhile, the following day, all eight intermediates were revoked. Furthermore, no certificates were issued. There was neither a data breach nor an infrastructure compromise. Its physical and logical security controls also continued to be intact. These intermediates are found under eMudhra’s ECC root, which was distrusted by browser root programs due to the occurrence.

As a result, Mozilla blocked the affected website-certification keys in Firefox using its centralised certificate revocation system and released an updated version to offer this protection to the individuals whose custom settings would have prevented the prior upgrade.

Mozilla is also revising the trusted certificate list to delete the root certificate that signed the targeted intermediates, which will protect the other applications that have its trust store but do not receive the latest modifications.

Google also did the same with a Certificate Revocation List Set (CRLSet) update. Users were not required to upgrade or restart their browsers to implement these precautions. Additionally, Google has declared that eMudhra’s emSign ECC Root CA-G3 will no longer be available in the Chrome Root Store.

The update is set to take effect on 27th October for all devices that depend on the Chrome Root Store. Apple and Microsoft also took action against the corrupted certificates.

Government sources explained that eMudhra runs both a global certificate business and distinct Indian services, such as eSign, and the problem is related to its international operations, the Times of India reported. “We are taking it up with them, and we are also taking it up with other operators to check whether they have further issues,” an insider disclosed.

The event sparked concerns about the internet’s overall security, which depends on a system of trust between browsers and certificate validation to secure online communications and authenticate websites. It could be undermined by a failure at even one certification authority, allowing hackers to fabricate digital certificates, masquerade as genuine websites and intercept private data.

eMudhra’s response to the certificate trust scare

According to eMudhra’s official website, the security challenge involves a particular set of intermediate CA certificates made as part of a Key Generation Ceremony (KGC) held in April of last year within its public trust infrastructure. The hierarchy was included in browser trust lists in the middle of May and concluded two separate audit cycles.

It underscored, “The incident is limited to these specific intermediate CA certificates and does not affect eMudhra’s root CA private keys or other intermediate CAs.”

The company pointed out that, except for one, none of these CAs was deployed in production. Moreover, no end-entity certificates have been supplied by any of these intermediate CAs. It mentioned, “To the best of our knowledge, no other roots or intermediates were generated using the flawed process. Seven of the eight intermediates were never used in production. The one that was in production had not issued a single certificate.”

It also stressed, “This has been confirmed through our internal analysis and corroborated by publicly available Certificate Transparency records on crt.sh.”

It stated, “The issue went undetected for about 18 months, through two independent audit cycles. The researcher was able to reverse-engineer the weak keys, reportedly with the help of AI-assisted tooling. We have not yet confirmed the exact root cause. We will publish it in full once our investigation is complete. We are not aware of any evidence that the weak keys were recovered or exploited by anyone before the issue was disclosed.”

When eMudhra became aware of the situation, it activated its response protocols, carried out steps to contain the exposed certificates, and began cooperating closely with browser and root-store operators to shield users and the overall integrity of the WebPKI ecosystem.

It added, “We are conducting a thorough investigation into the circumstances surrounding the incident and reviewing our security controls and operational procedures to identify and implement any necessary improvements. The security and integrity of our trust services remain our highest priority. We are committed to transparency, adherence to industry standards, and continued collaboration with the global WebPKI community.”

eMudhra asserted the instance only had a minor effect on its global TLS business, amounting to 1% of its revenue, and had nothing to do with its eSign and Indian DSC services. It clarified that the withdrawal of Root CAs C1 and C3 with Mozilla was a planned, voluntary action unrelated to the current scenario.

The company submitted that the consequences are confined to a single customer ecosystem in the United States and are restricted to TLS certificates chaining to the rogue ECC root. It informed, “Certificates from that hierarchy are being replaced, and we are working directly with this customer on a transition plan. The majority of TLS certificates we have issued are unaffected, because they chain to other trusted hierarchies.”

eMudhra is providing new certificates from a separate, independently run, publicly trusted CA hierarchy to the targeted client ecosystem, concluding, “We have notified affected customers and partners directly. We are also making sure every customer knows exactly what is and is not affected: all of our enterprise applications, the majority of our TLS certificates, and all of our digital signature and eSign services remain unaffected.”

What is eMudhra

eMudhra, headquartered in Bengaluru, was launched in 2008 and is one of India’s top digital identification and security firms. It offers electronic signing, digital signature certificates, and technology to secure digital transactions and authenticate online identities. It is the biggest certifying body for digital signature certificates in India.

eMudhra referenced a 2024 Frost & Sullivan study to support its May 2026 investor presentation, which suggested that it held about 38% of the market by value. It supports corporations, financial institutions, and governmental bodies in more than 35 countries.

Organisations recognised as certification authorities are in charge of distributing digital certificates that affirm the legitimacy of websites, people or other companies. These certificates are a component of the PKI of the internet, which enables safe communication and verification of identities between users and computer systems.

A hierarchy comprising trusted root authorities, intermediate authorities, and certificates issued to websites or other end users is applied to issue them. According to the Information Technology Act of 2000, the CCA hands out licenses to such entities to supply digital signature certificates.

Race Course Mosque row: Selective outrage of Islamists exposed as two temples also face eviction, Waqf Board’s inaction, and the rule of law nobody wants to discuss

The controversy surrounding Delhi’s Race Course Mosque has once again triggered political and religious outrage, with Muslim leaders portraying the proposed eviction as a threat to religious rights. Yet, amid the competing claims over the mosque’s heritage status and Waqf registration, a crucial question risks getting buried under the noise: does a religious structure’s existence automatically confer a right to occupy government land?

On Monday, October 19, the Land and Development Office (L&DO) issued an eviction notice to the mosque’s representatives, giving them six days to vacate the premises because the structure stands on government land and is unauthorised.

The mosque’s representatives have disputed the action, citing its registration as a Waqf property in the 1977 Delhi Gazette and its inclusion in heritage records. Muslim religious leaders and political figures have since demanded government intervention, warning of the possible demolition of a historic place of worship.

However, the controversy cannot be reduced to a simplistic narrative of the government targeting a mosque. The dispute involves land ownership, authorisation, heritage regulations and the alleged failure of the very institution entrusted with protecting Waqf properties. An OpIndia ground report has also revealed that the proposed clearance extends beyond the mosque, with two temples and residential properties occupied by both Hindus and Muslims reportedly affected.

Waqf registration is not a magic wand to claim government land

At the heart of the dispute is a fundamental distinction that much of the political commentary appears eager to overlook: recognition as a religious property and proof of a lawful right to occupy a particular parcel of land are not necessarily the same thing.

The L&DO’s position is that the land belongs to the government and that the occupation is unauthorised. The mosque’s representatives, meanwhile, cite its status as a gazetted Waqf property since 1977.

But a Waqf registration, by itself, does not conclusively settle a competing claim over land ownership. The relevant questions include who holds title to the land, whether a lawful allotment or lease exists, whether any protected rights apply and what the applicable statutory provisions establish.

A religious structure may have existed for decades without its age alone determining the legality of its occupation. Equally, a government claim cannot be treated as conclusively established merely because an eviction notice has been issued. The competing claims must be assessed against the relevant records and legal procedures.

If the mosque’s representatives possess documents establishing ownership, a lawful lease or another legally protected right to occupy the property, those documents would be central to the dispute. The public material cited in the controversy does not, by itself, establish that such a right overrides the L&DO’s claim.

The question, therefore, is not whether the mosque is old or whether it has religious significance. It is whether the occupation is legally authorised and whether the proposed eviction complies with the applicable law.

Heritage status: a regulatory tool, not a title

The mosque is said to be listed in the NDMC heritage register and referenced in the 1977 Delhi Gazette. Heritage listing regulates conservation and modification. It does not confer ownership. A listed heritage building on private land can still be sold by its owner.

A listed heritage building on government land that is occupied without authorisation does not become the property of the occupant. Heritage status may require a particular process before demolition, but it does not create an absolute immunity from eviction.

If heritage status were legally decisive, the mosque’s representatives could have sought an injunction from a court. The reported response was to approach ministers instead. That choice does not resolve the legal question. It indicates that the heritage argument has been used in public debate more than in litigation.

The Waqf Board’s role

The Delhi Waqf Board is the institution with statutory responsibility for protecting Waqf properties. According to a statement by the imam of the mosque, it did not challenge the demolition order and did not make effective efforts to resolve the issue.

In an X post, AIMIM leader Asaduddin Owaisi has stated that the Waqf Board did not challenge the order and that it has not been fully constituted since 2023. The mosque’s imam, Maulana Mohammed Haroon, has said that he sought the Board’s help for months, and that the Board neither went to court nor allowed him to go to court.

These statements are significant because they concern the institution that was expected to defend the mosque’s legal interests. The Board did not litigate, did not negotiate a resolution, did not produce ownership documents, and did not seek a stay.

When the eviction notice became public, criticism was directed mainly at the L&DO rather than at the Board’s conduct. If the mosque is a valued Waqf property, the Board’s failure to act is a central part of the case.

The political response

The reaction from Muslim religious & political figures has followed a predictable whining script. Asaduddin Owaisi sought the “urgent intervention” of the Union Minister for Minority Affairs. Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind sent a delegation and submitted memoranda.

AAP MLA Amanatullah Khan says in an X post, “This is the Masjid Race Course, located in New Delhi. The mosque’s imam, Maulana Haroon Sahib, told me that the central government’s L&SO department is going to demolish this mosque in the coming week. This mosque dates back to the pre-independence era and is also included in the NDMC’s heritage list. I will visit the site myself tomorrow.”

Several Kashmiri clerics also commented on the event. Mirwaiz Umer Farooq wrote in an X post, “Deeply disturbing that Delhi’s historic Race Course Mosque, a gazetted Waqf property since 1977 and a listed heritage site, faces eviction within six days. Equally alarming is the reported failure of the Waqf authorities to defend it.”

He further said, “Is this becoming the new normal for Muslim places of worship? This is precisely why we strongly opposed the Waqf amendments and increased government control through appointed nominees over Muslim religious endowments. If even a legally recognised mosque cannot be protected, what safeguards remain for others?”

Nasir Ul Islam, grand mufti of Jammu and Kashmir, stated that the development is “deeply alarming” and reinforces ongoing community concerns regarding the security of Muslim religious properties and the accountability of the institutions meant to protect them. He warned that if these institutions fail to defend such properties, the trust of the community will inevitably be shaken.

Why demolition is defensible

First, it upholds the rule of law. The government cannot allow unauthorised occupation of public land to continue indefinitely, regardless of the religious nature of the structure. The law must take its course at all costs. Selectively exempting structures based on religious identity can create a dangerous precedent and undermine equality before the law.

Second, it avoids a culture of administrative paralysis. The belief that a religious label can permanently shield an unauthorised occupation from state action makes enforcement difficult and inconsistent. The government’s duty is to protect public property and apply the law uniformly.

Third, it separates religion from illegality. The removal of an unauthorised structure that happens to be a mosque is not the same as targeting a place of worship. The government’s stated action concerns land ownership. Once the structure is removed, the community can build a mosque on land it lawfully owns, with the rights and protections that apply to such property.

OpIndia ground report

OpIndia reached the ground and spoke with the locals. According to them, around 100 acres near Race Course Road, close to the Prime Minister’s residence, are being cleared strictly for security reasons. Two temples and one unauthorised mosque have received eviction notices, and homes of both Hindus and Muslims are being vacated in the area.

Talking to a reporter, one local woman said that evicted people are both Hindus and Muslims. They got the flats from the government and are happy. Yet the controversy is being framed by some as if only the mosque is affected, with selective outrage naming just the mosque while ignoring the temples and residential evictions.

Conclusion

The public debate has presented the Race Course Mosque issue as a conflict between faith and the state. The available record suggests a narrower dispute about land ownership, authorisation, and institutional responsibility. The L&DO has a legal duty to protect government land.

The Waqf Board had a legal duty to defend the mosque’s interests and, according to public statements, did not do so effectively. The political class has an interest in prolonging the controversy. In this context, the appropriate course is to let the legal process determine ownership and authorisation.

If the mosque’s defenders have documents establishing a lawful right, they should produce them in court. If they do not, demolition after due process is the legally defensible outcome.

IPS on deputations leading CAPF cadres: New law stokes old conflicts

In October 2026, the Supreme Court of India became the staging ground for a decisive constitutional confrontation over the command architecture of the country’s internal security apparatus. A Special Bench is currently examining the statutory validity of the Central Armed Police Forces (General Administration) Act, 2026. The legislation, enacted in March 2026 by the Union government, represents a direct legislative counter-measure to judicial directives aimed at reforming paramilitary leadership.

At the core of the dispute lies the historic friction between native CAPF cadre officers and Indian Police Service (IPS) officers arriving on central deputation to occupy apex command roles. The new law empowers the Centre to frame definitive rules across the CRPF, BSF, CISF, ITBP, and SSB. Significantly, the Act features a robust non-obstante clause designed specifically to insulate executive policy from judicial intervention, explicitly stating its provisions will prevail over any inconsistent court orders.

Rather than adhering to the judicial push to clear promotional pathways for native officers, the 2026 legislation statutorily locked in expansive quotas for IPS officers. The Act reserves 50 percent of Inspector General (IG) posts, 67 percent of Additional Director General (ADG) posts, and 100 percent of Director General (DG) posts exclusively for IPS officers on deputations.

These quotas translate into harsh operational realities for native cadre officers. A native officer who spends decades commanding battalions in high-altitude terrain or anti-Naxal grids can legally never rise to head their own force. While the government previously granted Non-Functional Financial Upgradation (NFFU) to address financial disparity, it entirely failed to resolve the core issue of command authority and career dignity.

Despite intense opposition, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs maintains a robust defence of the IPS deputation model. The government argues that managing the command structure of national security forces requires complex inter-agency coordination with state police and intelligence units. Because IPS officers typically serve in state cadres, they bring a vital ecosystem of state-level coordination when they assume CAPF command roles.

In a 77-page counter-affidavit submitted in October 2026, the Centre aggressively asserted its absolute legislative competence to alter the legal foundation of previous court rulings. The government maintained that the fixed deputation quotas are a non-negotiable operational necessity, arguing that Parliament was exercising its legitimate constitutional authority to define the governance of armed forces.

The ongoing litigation features a dual-pronged attack from the CAPF ranks. Officers have filed aggressive contempt petitions against the Home Ministry for failing to comply with a May 2025 Supreme Court mandate to progressively reduce IPS deputations. Simultaneously, they have mounted a comprehensive constitutional challenge against the 2026 Act itself, arguing it violates equality guarantees and attempts an unconstitutional statutory override.

Ultimately, the resolution of this standoff will establish an enduring precedent for India’s institutional architecture. If the 2026 Act is upheld, the IPS leadership model will be permanently cemented into statutory law. Conversely, if the Supreme Court strikes down the deputation quotas, it will trigger an unprecedented restructuring of India’s internal security leadership grid.

Read the full article on Chapter 1 Magazine.

Islamo-leftists defend Sharjeel Imam’s hatred for the Constitution; invoke metaphysics, blame his jail term in bizarre justifications for his anti-India stance

Sharjeel Imam, an accused in the anti-Hindu Delhi riots, recently expressed his disdain not merely for the Hindu community and its faith, but also for secularism, the Constitution, democracy and constitutional institutions while professing his admiration for the founders of Pakistan, during an interview with The Quint.

Interestingly, his remarks appeared to shock some among his supporters, despite him having espoused the same position for years. However, the Islam-leftist cabal has rallied to his defence, offering justifications so outrageous they might have been laughable were it not for the grave implications of legitimising a worldview that challenges the very foundations of the Indian state.

Mujib Mashal, South Asia bureau chief of The New York Times, took a different but far more dangerous stance, objecting to the use of a pseudonym by the author who penned a strong rebuttal to Imam’s statements in ThePrint.

He began by asserting his disapproval of the practice of publishing columns under pseudonyms in the current times. Mashal claimed to understand why a whistleblower might conceal their identity due to the risks involved, but he took issue with an author writing a “regular analysis column that can fire away anything on India’s most divisive issue without accountability.”

Mashal was far more concerned with the real name of the writer challenging Imam than with the latter’s incendiary rhetoric and open repudiation of India’s constitutional and democratic principles. Furthermore, he conveniently ignored the repeated instances of violence committed by Muslim mobs in response to the smallest provocation and even in the absence of any discernible trigger.


Notably, attaching pseudonyms to articles is hardly uncommon across media organisations, and Mashal’s current employer has also followed the same convention. However, he seemed particularly angry at ThePrint’s decision, perhaps because the contributor had remained beyond the reach of the vitriol and potential targeting that can emanate from this vicious ecosystem, including the frenzied wrath of “Sar Tan Se Juda” fanatics.

Asad Ashraf, an “independent journalist” also affiliated with The Quint, raised similar complaints about the use of a pseudonym before launching a tiresome barrage of academic jargon, invoking critical theory, political philosophy and metaphysics to recast Imam’s utterances not as a product of his jihadi ideology, but as the musings of an enlightened intellectual.

He then dismissed Imam’s rejection of the Constitution and its core values as mere criticism. Ashraf referred to Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Muhammad Iqbal as “part of our pre-Partition intellectual and political history,” and argued that their ideas, political choices and legacies could not simply be erased, and that mentioning them did not amount to endorsing them.

However, Imam did not merely acknowledge these figures as historical personalities. There was no critical engagement but open advocacy of their hateful views, as he blamed Hindus within the Congress for partition and spoke about Iqbal’s profound influence on his own mind. He nearly validated their demand for separation and rationalised their profound Hinduphobia.

Ashraf urged others to approach the anti-national stand of the UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act) accused with patience and understand it rather than label him for what he was: an Islamist. At this rate, quantum mechanics, the Big Bang, the theory of evolution, and other such concepts would all be deemed indispensable to make sense of the diatribes of the likes of Imam.

Rohini Singh of the propagandist website The Wire transformed into Imam’s spokesperson, accusing ThePrint founder Shekhar Gupta of trying to deprive him of the protections guaranteed under the Constitution, the very same document he so passionately despises, a fact she deliberately sidestepped.

She announced, “The Constitution is not a reward for those who believe in it. Remember, it is a restraint on state power, especially when exercised against those who don’t. It does not require citizens to believe in its principles before extending them its protection,” stressing Imam’s right to liberty and prosecution under constitutional standards.

Singh made another effort to reframe the context of his imprisonment, implying that it was a retribution for his political convictions rather than a legal measure prompted by his criminal behaviour. Importantly, Imam has not been refused any legal avenue or right, and the issue is his dangerous ideology, an uncomfortable truth for a liberal whose entire life has been spent targeting “Hindutva” rather than those who actually seek to destroy the Indian state.


Apoorvanand, another stridently Hinduphobic figure associated with The Wire, labelled ThePrint article an attack on “a young man incarcerated on spurious charges,” presenting Imam as a victim rather than a prime accused in the Delhi unrest case being heard by the Delhi High Court, which has repeatedly rejected his bail pleas but released him for a few days on certain occasions.

Apoorvanand completely overlooked Imam’s animosity towards India and the ramifications of his outpourings for the very Constitution, secularism and other ideals this group purports to uphold and defend against “Hindutva” elements.

The rabidly anti-Hindu Trinamool Congress spokesperson Saket Gokhale directed his rage at Gupta for, amusingly, never having been jailed like him and Imam, and thus he was incapable of grasping their perspective.

In an almost self-confessional admission and reminiscent of the idiom, “birds of a feather flock together,” he added that 6 years behind bars had made Imam bitter, keeping him away from sipping champagne and discussing the Constitution and liberalism. Hence, he contended that the man should not be expected to respect the country or its Constitution that did not help him.

Gokhale tried to depict Imam as the only person ever to have been incarcerated, as though any individual should turn against India at the slightest trouble or grievance. Furthermore, Imam is not imprisoned for any noble cause but faces heinous accusations that have led to repeated denials of bail petitions by the court.

Gokhale has also been imprisoned on money laundering charges. He was also ordered to furnish Rs 50 lakh over his defamatory posts against former diplomat Lakshmi Puri and apologised to her last year.

Of course, Gokhale was also irked by the use of a pseudonym, preferring the author’s identity to be potentially exposed to a pack of bloodthirsty zombies as he rejoiced from the sidelines.

Another Islamist, Hussain Haidry, wrote that “lapdogs’ had been sent to attack Imam because Umar Khalid had been “gaining some acceptance in the masses.” He argued that this was an attempt to prevent the “educated Muslim guy” from gaining wider recognition, adding, “This comes as much from fear as it comes from viciousness.”

He framed the episode as though the outrage had not erupted because Imam openly voiced his anti-India stance and hatred for Hindus, but was instead part of a conspiracy against him, and people should have readily embraced him without paying heed to the consequences of his radical beliefs for the country and its future.

Haidry is right about the fear, a sentiment every Indian should feel when confronted with matters of this nature. The only viciousness evident so far, however, has come from him, Imam, and their cabal.

Muzzammil Imam, brother of Sharjeel Imam, predictably insisted that people should consider the “vantage point” from which the latter’s pronouncements were made, while feigning astonishment at the uproar against the ingrained enmity directed at the Indian state and the Hindu community.

Muzzammil described Imam as a “scholar and intellectual” entitled to interpret history in his own way. Truth and lie, right and wrong are clearly matters of tactical convenience and subjective interpretation for this group.

Muzzammil also alleged that Imam, as a member of the minority, had “articulated the lived reality of generations of Muslims in our country,” the same vulnerable community that partitioned the nation, and those who remained in India continued to peddle a victimhood narrative ever since. He also sought to paint his brother’s anti-democratic stance as “criticism of the Constitution” and insinuated that the backlash against him was a consequence of him sharing the truth.

Conclusion

The Islamo-leftists have stooped to a new low by defending Imam in the name of the Constitution. At least Imam can be acknowledged for dropping all pretence, not that it fooled anyone except those who are wilfully blind, and publicly venerated Iqbal and Jinnah while conveying his abhorrence for India, the Constitution and its fundamentals, alongside Hindus, declaring them as “permanently communal” and stating that “shirk” idolatry or polytheism are the origins of all evils.

However, the same cannot be said of his apologists, who routinely accuse “Hindutvavadis” of being anti-Constitution, opposed to secularism and averse to democracy, but they have either retreated into conspicuous silence or rushed to justify him after it has become increasingly apparent who actually fits these descriptions.

Obviously, no one anticipated them to protest over his Hindumisia, as they are all on the same page on the subject. However, their reaction, or rather, the lack of it, to his anti-India statements points to a deeper convergence of the sinister common interests that bind this faction together.

More importantly, for the umpteenth time, they have shown how such terms are deployed as political weapons rather than genuinely revered as values, demonstrating that no one can engage in Goebbelsian propaganda better than they do, and continue to accuse others of the very things they are guilty of themselves.

They do not even pause for a second before twisting statements to suit their agenda. After all, scratch a leftist and an opportunistic fascist does start to bleed.

UN Human Rights Office’s double standards exposed: Immediate ‘concerns’ over India’s CJP protests, but ‘dialogue’ call for violence, looting and arson across Europe

The United Nations Human Rights Office has finally noticed the massive unrest tearing through major European nations and decided to speak up. However, the timing, tone, and stark contrast of its response reveal a glaring double standard. Back on 10th October, during the Cockroach Janata Party’s (CJP) planned unrest in India, the UN was quick off the mark, raising instant concerns about so-called ‘mass detentions’ on the very day of the event.

Fast forward to 20th October, and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk finally condemned the widespread violence and vandalism sweeping France and other European countries, gently appealing to rioters to renounce aggression.

The UN official’s statement came out on Tuesday, 20th October, after weeks of chaotic footage, police clashes, and arson from Europe went viral across global social media platforms. Interestingly, the UN official’s statement chose a surprisingly soft headline: “Europe protests: Türk says only way forward is dialogue.”

Fire in European streets met with calls for ‘Dialogue’

French cities have been burning, and the Albanian Supreme Court, along with key government offices, were set ablaze. Yet, for the United Nations, the ideal solution remains a safe, gentle dialogue, casually categorising these destructive riots as mere “mass protests” across France and neighbouring European nations. Weeks of rampant, unchecked violent demonstrations, arson, looting, heavy clashes with police, and thousands of arrests across the continent were met with nothing more than a passive appeal for engagement.

In its official release, the UN noted that, “The best and only way forward is inclusive and safe dialogue.”

Blind eye to European detentions and police Action

What stands out most in the UN’s October 20th release is what was omitted. The UN did not bother to explicitly mention detentions in European nations, particularly in France, where local authorities have arrested over 2,500 people to date.

Instead, the statement merely expressed mild concern over “reports” of unnecessary and excessive police force against protesters, including children, and asked for independent investigations into unlawful acts by security forces. By framing real, verifiable police crackdowns as mere “reports,” the UN essentially turned a blind eye to vivid social media visuals showing law enforcement aggressively tackling demonstrators in European streets.

Furthermore, the UN urged European governments to address underlying social grievances like education, housing, public services, economic inequality, and the rising cost of living, framing constructive engagement as the key to ending the chaos.

By the time the UN chose to intervene, several European nations had already suffered severe destruction far beyond routine street demonstrations. In France, what initially portrayed as students’ protests over education and public services quickly spiralled into chaos over living costs, culminating in approximately 2,500 arrests alongside rampant looting, arson, and damage to historical public monuments.

Police reported 271 arrests following two straight days of violent disturbances in Milan, Italy.

Demonstrators faced heavy tear gas and water cannons in Belgium.

In Albania, Violent clashes left hundreds injured, including police personnel, and saw the Supreme Court building set on fire.

The Instant attack on India’s preventive security measures

The UN’s hypocrisy and double standards became glaringly obvious when looking back at its stance on India’s unpermitted CJP demonstrations.

On 10th October, the United Nations Human Rights Office raised alarms over what they called the “mass detentions” in India on the exact day protesters tried to assemble in Delhi. Compare that to its 20th October statement on European chaos, which took weeks to produce and led with a soft plea for dialogue despite arson and violence spreading across five countries.

The double standard is plain as day just by looking at the official headlines chosen by the UN Human Rights Office. The 10th October statement concerning India was titled “India: Concerns over mass detentions before and during protests”, while the 20th October statement concerning Albania, Belgium, France, Italy and Portugal carried the headline “Europe protests: Türk says only way forward is dialogue”. 

For India, the UN expressed immediate alarm over preventive security detentions. But for five different European nations (Albania, Belgium, France, Italy, and Portugal), the UN wrapped up weeks of continent-wide burning and looting into a single combined statement, casually remarking that dialogue was the only path forward.

In the statement addressing India, UN Human Rights spokesperson Thameen Al-Kheetan actively highlighted concerns over reports of detentions involving demonstrators, protest leaders, civil society figures, lawyers, and journalists in Delhi. Meanwhile, in the European release, the word “detention” wasn’t even mentioned once, even though far more people were locked up in France alone than in India!

The UN’s Indian statement went a step further, demanding the immediate and unconditional release of anyone arbitrarily detained, completely bypassing any independent legal assessment regarding why those individuals were picked up in the first place.

The lawful security precautions taken by Indian law enforcement to maintain public order in the National Capital were immediately framed as unlawful detentions. On the other hand, reports showing thousands of arrests across Europe were brushed under the rug by an anti-India UN apparatus.

The bias is also evident in the specific wording of the mandates. For European states, the UN stated, “States must ensure that any law enforcement response remains lawful, necessary and proportionate.” For Indian authorities, however, it said, “The Indian authorities should also ensure law enforcement forces exercise utmost restraint in response to peaceful protesters.”

The UN rushed to judge India while events were actively unfolding on the ground, without waiting for local authorities to conclude their response or allowing Indian courts to examine the legal validity of the detentions.

India slams UN’s “Extreme selectivity” and Double standards

India firmly rejected the UN’s unwarranted interference. Through its Permanent Mission in Geneva and the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), India highlighted that the country possesses robust constitutional safeguards for peaceful assembly and proper judicial remedies for anyone challenging police action.

On 11th October, the Ministry of External Affairs went further, calling out the UN Human Rights Office for its “extreme selectivity” in public statements. The MEA openly questioned why violent responses to protests in neighbouring countries and aggressive law enforcement actions taking place right near the UN’s own headquarters never received comparable public outrage. The ministry warned that such blatant double standards severely damage the credibility of international institutions and destroy global trust in multilateralism.

Unverified claims and India’s firm rebuttal at the UN

The UN’s anti-India bias didn’t stop with press statements on street protests. On Tuesday, 20th October, over 20 UN experts in Geneva claimed to be concerned about a “repeatedly heavy-handed police response” against youth demonstrators in Delhi, demanding justice for alleged human rights abuses.

India responded decisively to dismantle these baseless assertions. On the same day, during a discussion on the Working Group on Enforced Disappearances at the UN General Assembly’s Third Committee, India called out attempts to use unfounded accusations and incomplete data to build a negative narrative against the world’s largest democracy.

Deputy Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs, Barkha Tamrakar, made it clear that human rights mechanisms should never be weaponised for political pressure or selective targeting. While rejecting attempts to treat unverified claims as proven facts, she noted that India remains open to clarifying specific, properly documented cases through proper channels. Tamrakar stated, “India firmly opposes any attempt to convert unverified allegations, incomplete statistics or a report that contains no India country (specific) observation into a negative characterisation of the world’s largest democracy. India remains prepared to clarify specific, properly documented cases through established channels.”

She added: “India engages with international human rights mechanisms, but such engagement must be based on dialogue, consultation, cooperation with non-selectivity and transparency as guiding principles.”

Foreign media’s hypocritical coverage: Softening European riots, glorifying agitators in India

This hypocrisy isn’t limited to the UN; OpIndia earlier reported the same editorial double standards of international news outlets while framing the protests.

When French cities experienced widespread destruction, with masked rioters looting businesses, setting fire to historic buildings, and clashing with security forces, outlets like the BBC, France 24, and The New York Times routinely softened their language. Rather than calling out the violence on European streets, prominent international news outlets repeatedly framed chaotic rioting as “mostly peaceful” demonstrations and focused heavily on criticising law enforcement responses.

In contrast, Western news outlets adopted a completely different, celebratory tone when reporting on the Cockroach Janata Party (CJP) demonstrations in India. While French protesters were depicted as being “manipulated” by political forces ahead of elections, Indian agitators, such as far-left activist Neha Bora, were romanticised as “feisty Gen-Z” heroes taking on the government.

Similarly, state-funded outlets like France 24 and publications like NYT eagerly glorified Indian political disruptors and framed routine law enforcement precautions in Delhi as “rough treatment,” while systematically ignoring or downplaying far worse violence, property damage, and arrests taking place in European countries.

Samajwadi Party leader Rajkumar Bhati converts to Buddhism? Read what he said, his anti-Hindu activities, and the 22 vows of Ambedkar, renewed annually on ‘Ashok Vijayadashami’ 

Samajwadi Party leader Rajkumar Bhati, infamous for his anti-Hindu commentaries, has sparked a fresh controversy. On the 20th of October 2026, Rajkumar Bhati attended an event near Rani Jhansi Marg in Delhi, marking the neo-Buddhist ‘Ashok Vijayadashami’, which mimics the Hindu festival Vijayadashami or Dussehra. During the event, Rajkumar Bhati took 22 vows of Ambedkar, including those about promising to stop worshipping Hindu deities: Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh, and converting to Buddhism.

Video showing Rajkumar Bhati taking vows disowning Hindu gods goes viral, triggers speculations of his conversion to Buddhism 

A video showing Samajwadi Party leader Rajkumar Bhati raising his hand and taking the 22 vows on stage at the Ashok Vijayadashami event has gone viral online. Bhati can be heard declaring, “I will not have any faith in Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh, and shall not worship them”, in addition to other Hinduphobic declarations. 

In no time, a political and online outrage erupted over the Samajwadi Party leader openly “denouncing” and disparaging Hinduism before supposedly converting to Buddhism.  

In a longer video, Bhati can be heard expressing his disdain for Hinduism in an elaborate fashion.

SP leader Rajkumar Bhati says he has not converted to Buddhism, blames BJP IT Cell and ‘andhbhakts’ 

As Uttar Pradesh is just months away from state assembly elections, Samajwadi Party is giving its best shot to appease Hindus besides continuing its Muslim appeasement. In such a case, a Samajwadi Party leader coming across as an outright Hinduphobe out send out an unfavourable message to the Hindu populace. 

Thus, Rajkumar Bhati quickly turned on his salvaging mode. On 21st October, Bhati issued a video message, in which he claims to have attended the Ashok Vijayadashami event wherein he took vows to stop worshipping Hindu deities, just as he would attend a Gurudwara, or programs of any other religion he is invited to. 

The Samajwadi Party gave a political spin to the issue and claimed that it was the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) IT Cell and ‘andhbhakts’ who circulated the claims online that he has denounced Hinduism and converted to Buddhism. 

Quite conveniently, Rajkumar Bhati made no mention of or gave clarifications regarding him taking vows to disown and discontinue worship of Hindu gods.  

“Yesterday, on 20 October, I participated as the chief guest in a program organised by the Indian Buddhist Assembly at Ambedkar Bhawan located on Rani Jhansi Marg in Delhi. As a true socialist, I respect every religion, caste, class, and community, and I join any event where I am invited with honour. I also visit the Gurdwara on the invitation of Sikh brothers to pay obeisance to Guru Granth Sahib. I participate in their majlis on the invitation of Muslim brothers as well. I take part in the festivals and observances of Hinduism too,” Bhati said. 

“I have a special attraction toward Buddhism and the teachings of Gautam Buddha, and I hold them in great respect. The ideas of Baba Saheb also have a profound influence on me. However, after yesterday’s program, the BJP IT Cell and andhbhakts have launched a smear campaign against me on social media, claiming that I have abandoned Hinduism and converted to another religion. While fully supporting the education of Baba Saheb and the precepts taught by Gautam Buddha, I hold the deep conviction that I have neither any need nor any intention to convert religions,” the Samajwadi Party spokesperson added. 

“We can serve humanity while remaining in any religion and speak out against discrimination, untouchability, hatred, superstition, and hypocrisy. Please do not get trapped in the BJP IT Cell’s malicious propaganda and harbour any misunderstanding. Thank you. Jai Bhim. Namo Buddhay,” he continued. 

Predictably, Rajkumar Bhati is now receiving flak from both Hindus and neo-Buddhists. While Hindus are criticising him for disrespecting Hindu gods and taking oath to denounce them without formally converting to Buddhism, neo-Buddhists and self-declared Ambedkarites are accusing him of insulting Ambedkar’s 22 vows. 

It is notable that one of the 22 vows clearly says that the person taking the oath proclaims that Buddhism is his/her religion and that Hinduism is “enemy of humanity”. 

What are the 22 vows of Ambedkar, and what is Ashok Vijayadashami 

Before delving into what the controversial 22 vows taken by neo-Buddhists annually on Dussehra are, it is important to understand the concept of Ashok Vijayadashami and its Ambedkar connection. 

On the 14th of October 1956, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar converted from Hinduism to Buddhism.  His supposed conversion happened on the occasion of Vijayadashami or Dussehra. It is also believed by Buddhists that this date is associated with Emperor Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism.  

The day is also known as the Great Conversion or Mass Conversion or Dhamma Deeksha. Around 3,80,000 people belonging to so-called ‘lower castes’ among Hindus converted to Buddhism on that day in Nagpur, Maharashtra. 

Since then, the day has been celebrated as Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din. 

During this conversion to Buddhism, Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar took 22 vows.  

In these vows, Ambedkar promised to have no faith in the Hindu belief system and vowed to disown any religions or religious practices linked to Tridev, Ram, Krishna, and other Hindu Gods and Goddesses.  

The vows read: 

  1. I shall have no faith in Brahma, Vishnu, and Maheshwara, nor shall I worship them. 
  1. I shall have no faith in Rama and Krishna who are believed to be the incarnation of God, nor shall I worship them. 
  1. I shall have no faith in ‘Gauri’, Ganapati and other gods and goddesses of Hindus, nor shall I worship them. 
  1. I do not believe in the incarnation of God. 
  1. I do not and shall not believe that Lord Buddha was the incarnation of Vishnu. I believe this to be sheer madness and false propaganda. 
  1. I shall not perform ‘Shraddha’ nor shall I give ‘pind-dan’. 
  1. I shall not act in a manner violating the principles and teachings of the Buddha. 
  1. I shall not allow any ceremonies to be performed by Brahmins. 
  1. I shall believe in the equality of man. 
  1. I shall endeavour to establish equality. 
  1. I shall follow the ‘noble eightfold path’ of the Buddha. 
  1. I shall follow the ‘paramitas’ prescribed by the Buddha. 
  1. I shall have compassion and loving-kindness for all living beings and protect them. 
  1. I shall not steal. 
  1. I shall not tell lies. 
  1. I shall not commit carnal sins. 
  1. I shall not take intoxicants like liquor, drugs etc. 
  1. I shall endeavour to follow the noble eightfold path and practice compassion and loving-kindness in everyday life. 
  1. I renounce Hinduism, which is harmful to humanity and impedes the advancement and development of humanity because it is based on inequality and adopt Buddhism as my religion. 
  1. I firmly believe the Dhamma of the Buddha is the only true religion. 
  1. I believe that I am having a rebirth. 
  1. I solemnly declare and affirm that I shall hereafter lead my life according to the principles and teachings of the Buddha and his Dhamma. 

While social justice warriors argue that these vows are about leaving ‘dogmatic’ Hinduism and embracing ‘rational’ Buddhism, in reality, Dr Ambedkar’s Navayana Buddhism rests simply on the negation of Hinduism. It has little to do with spiritual growth or finding peace, but is about building an identity rooted in hate for Hinduism. 

Samajwadi Party leader Rajkumar Bhati has a track record of spewing anti-Hindu hate 

Rajkumar Bhati has earned notoriety for disparaging Hindus, the Hindu faith and deities in his public speeches under the pretext of advocating social justice and promoting ‘rationality’.  

In May this year, during a book launch event, Bhati compared Brahmins to prostitutes and described them as even worse. However, as Hindus were outraged and demanded police action, Rajkumar Bhati changed tone and began offering an “unconditional apology” with folded hands. However, a video he himself shared exposes his forced apology, in which he is still smiling while reading the hateful lyrics, while his supporters, in the background, demand the installation of “posters” of this insult. 

Rajkumar Bhati made anti-Brahmin remarks during the book launch event held at Jawahar Bhawan in Delhi, associated with the Sonia Gandhi family’s Rajiv Gandhi Foundation on 5th May 2025. The book in question was titled “The Virus of Caste and Communalism.” 

During this speech, Rajkumar Bhati recited an old couplet, “ब्राह्मण भला न वेश्या, इनमें भला न कोय!और कोई-कोई वेश्या तो भली, ब्राह्मण भला न कोय।” The direct meaning of this was that, for him, Brahmins were worse than prostitutes. 

Interestingly, Bhati has a pattern of first indulging in anti-Hindu activities, and when outrage erupts, he promptly issues a video apology, salvaging the damage done. However, his apologies are performative and driven by political compulsions rather than any genuine epiphany. 

Back in May this year, as Bhati’s video spewing vitriol against Brahmins triggered online outrage and an FIR was registered in Ghaziabad, he issued a 5-minute video giving vague excuses and portraying himself as a victim.  

Akin to his rhetoric in the present case, Bhati had claimed that “some innocent people are misled by the BJP and start a smear campaign against them.” 

However, Bhati’s apologies after insulting Hinduism are as genuine as the Samajwadi Party’s secularism.  

Bhati once even said that if he were Ram, he would advise Brahmins to abandon their hypocrisy. 

The Samajwadi Party leader once called the Manusmriti “inferior” and considers the great work Ramcharitmanas a mere “ordinary poem” rather than a divine text. 

Moreover, Bhati previously said that he doesn’t feel the need to visit temples because he is currently conducting research on whether God exists.  

However, so much for his rationality: on the one hand, he questions Hindu deities; on the other hand, he openly declares on TV that he considers no one greater than Muhammad. 

In an earlier tweet, Rajkumar Bhati had referred to Brahminism as a “virus” and called for a vaccine. 

There is an evident pattern of Rajkumar Bhati issuing anti-Hindu statements and indulging in activities disparaging Hindu faith and deities, only to apologise later and blame political opponents. However, the Samajwadi Party leader has reduced apologies to exculpate himself from the controversies his Hinduphobic rhetoric triggers. This time, however, Rajkumar Bhati has somehow invited the ire of both Hindus and neo-Buddhists. 

From crime scene to conviction: Inside India’s forensic revolution

On the night of 2nd July 1995, police personnel in Delhi discovered the body of a woman inside a burning tandoor at a restaurant. The investigation that followed became one of India’s most widely discussed criminal cases. DNA examination established the victim’s identity as Naina Sahni, while ballistic evidence helped connect the recovered bullets to a firearm belonging to the accused, Sushil Sharma. The case demonstrated how different branches of forensic science could contribute to a criminal investigation.

Three decades later, forensic science has become an increasingly important part of India’s criminal justice system. Investigators now have access to technologies that can identify a person from biological material, compare fingerprints with national records, recover information from electronic devices and examine evidence that may not be visible to the naked eye.

However, scientific examination begins long before a sample reaches a laboratory.

From collecting evidence to establishing facts

A bloodstained shirt, a recovered weapon or a fingerprint found at a crime scene must be properly documented, collected, packed and sealed. Investigators must also maintain records of who handled the material and where it was stored before examination.

This process, known as the chain of custody, helps establish that the evidence examined in a laboratory is the same material recovered during an investigation.

The movement of forensic evidence from crime scenes to laboratories and eventually to courts involves police personnel, forensic specialists, laboratory scientists and judicial authorities. Different types of evidence require different examinations, including DNA profiling, toxicology, ballistics, fingerprint comparison and document analysis.

Delays can occur during transportation, laboratory examination or the collection of completed reports. The availability of trained personnel and specialised equipment also affects how quickly scientific findings become available to investigators.

Identifying suspects, missing persons and unidentified bodies

DNA and fingerprints have helped investigators establish identities in cases where conventional methods were insufficient.

During the investigation into the 1996 murder of Priyadarshini Mattoo, biological evidence was examined and compared with reference samples. The forensic findings subsequently became part of the judicial proceedings.

Today, DNA profiling and fingerprint identification also support investigations involving unidentified bodies, missing persons and crimes committed across state boundaries.

The National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) enables law enforcement agencies to search fingerprint records through a national system. DNA-based identification initiatives, including UMID, provide another means of connecting unidentified human remains with families.

Scientific identification is also useful following disasters, particularly when visual identification is difficult. DNA comparison can help establish identities using biological material and reference samples collected from relatives.

When phones and CCTV become evidence

The 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks demonstrated the importance of electronic evidence in criminal investigations. Investigators examined mobile phones, intercepted communications, internet connections, payment records and GPS information to reconstruct the communications network used by the terrorists.

Today, digital forensics helps investigators examine mobile phones, CCTV footage, WhatsApp conversations, call records and metadata.

A deleted message may leave recoverable traces, while metadata can help establish when a photograph was created or a file was modified. CCTV footage may reveal movements, and telecommunications records can help investigators reconstruct connections between individuals.

However, the ownership of a mobile phone does not automatically establish who authored a message. Investigators must examine the authenticity, integrity and context of electronic records before connecting digital activity to an accused person.

Expanding India’s forensic capabilities

India is also investing in the laboratories, universities and trained personnel required to support scientific investigations.

Under the Rs 2,254.43 crore National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme, the government plans to establish nine National Forensic Sciences University campuses and seven Central Forensic Science Laboratories by 2028-29.

The expansion of forensic infrastructure includes specialised training, mobile forensic vans, laboratory modernisation and improved access to scientific facilities.

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, also provides for forensic experts to visit crime scenes involving offences punishable with imprisonment of seven years or more, subject to implementation by the respective states.

These measures are intended to increase the role of scientific examination in criminal investigations.

From identifying victims and suspects to examining digital records and presenting scientific findings before courts, forensic science now covers several stages of criminal investigation. India’s expanding infrastructure and new criminal laws are expected to make these capabilities more accessible to investigating agencies across the country.

Read the complete series

Read the first article, Crime scene to court room: How does India’s forensic science work, on Chapter One Magazine.

Read the second article, DNA and fingerprints: How India’s forensic scientists establish identity, on Chapter One Magazine.

Read the third article, Tracing criminals from CCTV, phones and online chats, on Chapter One Magazine.

Read the fourth article, New forensic labs and the changing criminal investigation landscape in India, on Chapter One Magazine.

Explained: As China announces licensing for tunnel boring machines, how it will impact India and what the Modi government is doing to curb import dependence 

Months after semiconductor export curbs, China has announced export controls on tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and related equipment. China’s Commerce Ministry said the TBM export curbs announced on 19th October will come into effect from 18th November 2026.  

The new controls require exporters to obtain licenses under the provisions of export control law and regulations on the export control of dual-use items, citing national security and the civilian-military potential of TBMs. 

“However, there could be issues with the import of high-duty engines that go into this equipment, high mass cranes and tunnel boring equipment which could impact some critical projects, including the Bullet Train project,” a Chinese official said.

The control measures introduced by China also cover walking excavators, plateau-type wet shotcrete machines, and specific dredger components.  

China is reported to have notified countries through export-control dialogues. 

China’s new export controls on tunnel boring machines (TBMs) not only formalise leverage over shipments but also create hurdles for development projects in India 

While China claims that applications meeting requirements under the new license policy will be approved and that it wants stable supply chains, it is a strategic move rooted in economic coercion that will affect India. 

Before the 18th of November license requirement and dual-use classification move, China had, in 2024, started delaying customs clearances for shipments of tunnel boring machines to India. In August 2025, China eased curbs for India. However, Beijing has once again tightened export rules under the pretext of ‘security concerns’. 

This is a matter of serious concern for India. India is one of the world’s largest markets for tunnel boring machines, with some reports describing it as the second-largest TBM market. India uses TBMs extensively for metro networks, rail corridors, road tunnels, and strategic projects near borders.  

China is a dominant global TBM producer, with various estimates suggest that 70% of the global TBM output originates from China, and a key node even for non-Chinese companies.  

Several machines branded as German, particularly Herrenknecht, or others have been assembled in Chinese plants.  

After the Galwan clashes, China-India relations remained tense until recently. The bilateral tensions led to prolonged delays in India-bound shipments. It was reported earlier that Herrenknecht machines manufactured in China for Indian projects faced months-long delays or longer holds, warranting high-level diplomatic engagement before clearance. 

Even after direct Chinese exports have plunged, the China-based manufacturing footprint generates residual vulnerability for parts and full machines. 

India’s imports of self-propelled TBMs rose significantly in 2021 and 2022, with the majority coming from outside of China. However, India was nearly entirely dependent on China in 2019 in terms of both value and volume of standard TBMs. 

Notably, imports of tunnelling machinery from China have slumped further in subsequent years, dropping from $18 million in 2022-23 to $3 million in 2023-24. The figures further declined from $500,000 in 2024-25 before edging up to $800,000 in 2025-26. While these figures do not measure the full scale of delays to infrastructure projects, they do capture the disruption in trade. 

Although most self-propelled TBMs have been imported from non-China sources in recent years, India remains import-dependent for large-diameter machines and critical components. 

Industry experts estimate the Indian market size in thousands of crores annually, with a multi-lakh crore tunnelling project planned. 

Why TBMs matter 

India is a rapidly developing country. Thus, demand for tunnel construction has also surged significantly across sub-sectors, particularly hydro power, railways, roads and highways, water supply, and metro.  

With growing urban agglomerations and land availability becoming scarce, tunnel construction is emerging as a key solution. Experts and various studies suggest that this trend is likely to continue in the coming years. 

For tunnel construction, there are two kinds of techniques: conventional and modern. Among conventional ones are the drill-and-blast method (DBM), the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and micro-tunnelling. 

Among modern techniques, the most frequently used are sequential excavation and ground freezing.  

However, given that TBMs are more suitable for congested urban areas and reduce lining costs, TBMs are likely to remain as the preferred mode for hard rocks or geological conditions with lower variability. 

What the Modi government is doing to reduce import dependence for tunnel boring machines 

Curbing TBM imports is paramount not only due to vulnerability to procurement delays due to lengthy procurement processes, customs clearance, and logistical issues, but also because importing advanced tunnelling equipment incurs substantial costs, including import duty and shipping and handling fees. These issues inflict both delayed project completions and cost burdens. 

The Central government has publicly acknowledged these vulnerabilities and demonstrated in both rhetoric and action, its seriousness about reducing import dependence for TBMs. 

It must be recalled that in October 2024, Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal had raised the issue of China’s TBM export-blocking manoeuvres with the visiting German Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck.  

More recently, the Modi government in the Centre is reported to be advancing a PLI-style incentive scheme worth $1.2 billion for domestic manufacture of TBMs and high-value infrastructure equipment.  

Meanwhile, India has already started domestic production of TBMs.  

In a major step towards curbing import dependence, the State-owned BEML or Bharat Earth Movers Limited, announced plans to design and manufacture TBMs indigenously. It floated expressions of interest for design partners, including those from Japan and Austria, targeting a range from around 6 m to 16.5 m diameter, beginning with a 6.5 m prototype. The BEML has received the backing of defence and housing/urban affairs ministries under Atmanirbhar Bharat. 

Notably, TBMs manufactured in India feature a massive cutterhead with a diameter of 13.6 meters (equivalent to the height of a 4-story building), weighs 3,200 tonnes (equivalent to 500 Asian elephants), and has a total length of 96 meters (comparable to the length of a 105-meter football pitch). 

The machine comprises several key components, including the cutter wheel/head, main bearing, jaw crusher, erector, main shield, tail shield, and four specialised gantries that support tunnelling operations.   

In early July 2026, India’s first TBM commenced tunnelling from the Vikhroli shaft towards the under-construction Mumbai Bullet Train station for the Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project. 

Source: PIB

The machine used for the Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project is a Mixshield TBM, an advanced slurry-type tunnelling system specially designed for large-diameter tunnel excavation in mixed ground and high groundwater pressure conditions. 

In mid-July 2026, India’s second TBM began tunnelling from Sawli (Ghansoli) towards Vikhroli in Maharashtra for the Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project. 

In the next seven years, India is expected to attract over $1.8 billion in investment. 

In addition to incentivising indigenous designing and manufacturing of TBMs, India has also pushed foreign localisation.  

Germany’s Herrenknecht, which has had an assembly presence in Chennai since 2007, has manufactured or refurbished dozens of machines, including metro-sized units, and is aiming for 60-70% local content on components. 

Herrenknecht also has expansion plans, with a new 12.4-acre plant to increase capacity and handle larger diameters.  

It is interesting to note that this shift was accelerated by earlier China export difficulties. As the incentive framework and demand materialise, other private players, including L&T, could also participate in domestic TBM production. 

Moreover, reports say that stakeholder consultations are underway to mitigate the Chinese export curbs, noting that even though there may not be immediate large-scale disruption, issues can arise for engines, high-mass cranes, and, most importantly, tunnelling equipment on critical projects. 

Undoubtedly, full indigenous production of massive, complex TBMs is still confined to nascent stages, China’s fresh TBM export curbs can turn out to be a blessing in disguise, if the Central government and industry stakeholders push toward pure Indian TBM design and production while also accelerate localisation for foreign players. 

Sharjeel Imam’s war on Indian secularism, Constitution and more: Read about his Islamist manifesto targeting Hindus, RSS and BJP while extolling Iqbal, Jinnah and Muslim League

Sharjeel Imam, who shot to infamy for advocating the separation of the Siliguri Corridor (Chicken’s Neck) from the country and for his role in the anti-Hindu Delhi riots, has offered a peek into his troubling ideological convictions in a conversation with Athique Haneef for the propaganda website The Quint.

The interview titled “Sharjeel Imam on Jail, Politics, Secularism & What Lies Ahead for Indian Muslims,” was published on 29th September, outlining his disdain for democracy, the Constitution and the very idea of India as a secular entity. He even shared his disturbing vision of creating a separate Islamic state for Muslims, offering a window into the rabid mind of an Islamist whom the opposition ecosystem has hailed as a “liberal hero,” while he views them with the same contempt reserved for “Hindutva.”

Imam, consistent with others of his extremist ilk, described the world as fundamentally a transit point, referring to it as a “temporary abode for Muslims” and designating it as “a site of resistance and enlightenment, of patience and steadfastness,” adding that he acts on this belief for peace. He quoted the Quran and Pakistan’s spiritual founder, Muhammad Iqbal, to support his statement.

Imam then dubbed himself a greater sinner than the “oppressed” members of his own community, as he claimed to be innocent, to cast himself as a martyr unjustly persecuted by the government rather than a prime accused facing charges under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) for the part he played in the unrest in Delhi.

Imam declared that he had “no regrets” and, on the contrary, took “pride in the fact that I am among those chosen by the fascists to be incarcerated.” He also invoked “monotheist” Rabindranath Tagore to portray his unlawful activities as a positive contribution to future generations.

Imam, whose rhetoric seemed to be heavily influenced by Iqbal, repeatedly used his poetry to advance his narrative before bringing Palestine into the discussion. He urged not only Muslims but also Dalits and Adivasis to draw inspiration from the people of Gaza in their purported fight against Israel.

However, he conveniently overlooked the fact that Dalits and Adivasis do not follow Islam, even as he asked them to take lessons from the faith of Palestinians. This is a familiar tactic within the Islamo-leftist group, which actively drags caste to widen the rifts within the Hindu community but seldom extends the same scrutiny to the deep-seated sectarian conflicts within the Muslim world, which have persistently remained evident, especially in the Middle East, including the current violent clashes involving Sunni Saudi Arabia and the Shia Iran-backed Houthis.

Sharjeel Imam leans on Iqbal and Jinnah to attack Hinduism, secularism and nationhood

Imam, in a striking manifestation of his hatred for Hinduism, stated that “shirk” (polytheism or idolatry) is the source of oppression throughout human history, clubbing it with superstition, despotism, nationalism, materialism and casteism, as he lauded Iqbal, whom he reverentially called Allama, and credited his ideas with being of “central importance to my understanding” particularly in relation to the Muslims living in the Indian subcontinent.

Imam also turned his ire towards the very values enshrined in the Indian Constitution, echoing the legacy of his favourite Pakistani figure. His first target was secularism, which he characterised as an offshoot of the broader nationalist paradigm, encompassing Hindutva.

He added, “The difference between the Secular and Hindutva framework from the perspective of Muslims, Christians, Dravidians, Tribals, and even Dalits and other marginalised sections is merely one of details” because “the core is the same – the myth of the existence of an ancient Indian nation, which had an ancient overarching unity, even as foreign elements and invaders came and were absorbed in this uniquely tolerant civilisation.”

Imam also took aim at Jawaharlal Nehru’s “The Discovery of India,” denouncing it as “a very good example of an exercise in this falsehood and mythmaking” and in the same breath eulogised the likes of Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah who betrayed India, legitimising their contentions which eventually paved the way for a separate Muslim state.

Interestingly, Jinnah or Iqbal, whose ideas underpin much of Imam’s argument, did not reject nationalism. Their objection was to a democratic system in which Hindus would have a prominent stake in the government and the power could not be seized by the Muslim community. They desired the return of Islamic rule and started a campaign for partition when their demands were not met.

After dismissing India’s thousands of years of history and ridiculing both secularism and nationhood, Imam remarked that “Muslims of India were the only group which could be called a nation in the modern sense and India could become a nation if the various communities came to a respectable and just agreement.”


Predictably, Imam also had an issue with the primacy of the Indian identity and resented that citizens are classified as Indians first, with their religion and other affiliations taking a secondary place, labelling this as a purported mechanism to subjugate minorities who are supposedly deemed “communal” and “divisive” when they demand autonomy or land rights.

India does not require its citizens to choose between their faith and their nation. Devout Hindus, Muslims, Christians and others can remain committed to their respective religions while embracing their country, which demands no religious uniformity, nor does it make adherence to a particular faith a condition of belonging.

The insubstantiality of his position is further exposed by the specific provisions available to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other backward classes, alongside special privileges extended to Muslims under the guise of their Sharia-compliant personal law after dividing the country, while the plight of religious minorities in Pakistan is before the eyes of the world.

Furthermore, Imam defined secularism as a conspiracy orchestrated by secular ideologues intent upon depriving minority communities of their rights, commending Iqbal for coining “Communal Oligarchy” to attack upper-caste Hindus for daring to form a government in their own country.

Meanwhile, India has witnessed multiple Muslim leaders occupying the nation’s highest offices, but Jogendra Nath Mandal, a Dalit who served as Pakistan’s first Law Minister, was forced to return to India as a refugee following his resignation in 1950 due to the severe atrocities against minorities in that country, an alarming trend that has remained consistent throughout subsequent decades.

Secularism has long been a one-way street in India, with the majority community required to shoulder the entire burden of upholding it. True to his aversion towards Hindus, which he couched in several ideological arguments, Imam blamed Brahminical forces within the Congress for the partition of India, rather than the Muslim League.

Sharjeel Imam’s crusade against the Constitution

Imam continually reflected his abiding animus towards Hindus and India when he branded the “noble” Constitution as anti-Muslim because it abolished separate electorates for Muslims and did not allow reservations on religious grounds, stating, “The secular framework is devoid of any real understanding of history and is particularly Islamophobic and parochial.”

Imam also turned his ire towards his Marxist cheerleaders, whom he faulted for rejecting religion and failing to grasp the Muslim victimhood narrative that drives his interpretation of history, which presents partition as a positive outcome.

Imam continued his tirade against India and the Brahmins, a term often wielded by those sharing his ideology to target the broader Hindu community. He also cited controversial hardliners such as Rashid Rida to strengthen his claims, before circling back to his glorification of Iqbal, championing Islamist causes and provoking Hinduphobic elements even in the South.

Imam reinforced the submission that “two nations never meant two geographical nations in these discussions, but two religious nations dispersed across South Asia for which a delicate constitutional arrangement was needed,” asserting that the two religions can never thrive alongside each other except through a tenuous alliance.

According to this premise, India is comprised of two nations and should therefore have two separate states, a proposition conspicuously absent from discourse about Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Imam attributed culpability to everyone from the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Hindu Mahasabha to the Congress and Brahminism, while absolving the Muslim League, Iqbal, Jinnah and his ideological allies of any responsibility for partition. He alleged, “Partition was forced on Muslims, as a unitary government was unacceptable to Muslims of Punjab and Bengal, and we, the masses on both sides, have been paying for it ever since, and are also being falsely blamed for it.”

He maintained that there would not have been partition had the Muslim League’s decentralisation program been approved without producing any such initiative, because the latter’s goals were to establish a majority in the legislature of provinces where the community barely exceeded Hindus and to award them an unfair advantage in regions where they were a minority, including Uttar Pradesh.

They were adamant about preserving their unjust and dominant control over authority. Otherwise, a similar plan would have unfolded upon Pakistan’s creation.

Imam also pointed to Maulana Azad’s “India Wins Freedom” article, which ascribed the division to the rejection of the Cabinet Mission Plan by Congress. However, Pakistan did not put it into practice and obtained the Muslim-majority areas, exposing the truth of this double standard.

After emphasising that equality is a hallmark of Islam, Imam accused the Indian state of discrimination for not providing reservation benefits to Dalits who convert to Abrahamic religions, contradicting himself. He wanted compensation for an inequality his religion reportedly forbids, highlighting the inherent hypocrisy synonymous with his group.

Imam mocked the Constitution’s endorsement of “scientific temper” for recommending cow protection to suggest that the two could not coexist. This line of reasoning boiled down to why Hindu sentiments were not being trampled upon for “progress,” as though the community should continue to be relegated to the status of second-class citizens in their country.

He mirrored the aspiration of Jinnah and Iqbal, who pushed for partition upon realising that the days of Muhammad bin Qasim and other jihadi marauders were not going to return after the departure of the British imperialists.

Imam also criticised the higher judiciary for following the Constitution rather than conforming to the expectations of his extremist coterie.

Imam then fear-mongered about the RSS seeking to take control, casting Iqbal as a farsighted poet who had supposedly foreseen these developments centuries ago.

Imam also discredited the secular consensus as a lie and a trap, portraying it as a political ploy to secure Muslim votes. He ranked political parties according to the threat he believed they posed, placing the Bharatiya Janata Party at the top, followed by the Indian National Congress and then regional parties.

Notably, Imam appeared more favourably disposed towards the DMK, whose leaders want to eradicate Sanatan Dharma and abuse it regularly.

Hindus are communal, Iqbal was right: Sharjeel Imam

Imam hit out at the first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral system, conveying, “We are already living under a permanent communal majority, or what Iqbal predicted would be a Communal Oligarchy, manufactured by consolidation of large parties under FPTP.”

He asked for proportional representation, opposing the concerns related to instability and ironically pointing to monarchies in the Gulf as examples of stable governance. He insisted that “FPTP silences even a 20 per cent vote share to zero seats,” as if Muslim candidates do not routinely win elections and hold public office in India under the ongoing electoral system.

Imam then proposed a united front of Muslims, Dalits, Sikhs, Christians and tribal communities, adding that the BJP could use the UAPA against such a coalition, as it did in the Bhima Koregaon case and the anti-CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act) protests, completely ignoring the severe allegations of planned violence and the serious law-and-order concerns that arose during these episodes.

Imam outlined a strategy of electoral coordination with Ambedkarite groups and other such communities, using tactical voting to force political parties to accept their demands and consolidate their influence while keeping the BJP out of power.

Sharjeel Imam defends his secessionist statement

Sharjeel Imam sought to defend himself by insisting that he had merely spoken about chakka jam as “an effective means of protest,” adding that he essentially meant obstructing a road. He was caught inciting his co-religionists to exploit their numerical strength to sever Assam and the Northeast from the rest of India, fully aware of the region’s sensitive geographical location and the strategic implications of disrupting access to it.

He has been named among the masterminds behind the riots that rocked the national capital under the guise of anti-CAA demonstrations and was also one of the key organisers of the Shaheen Bagh agitation.

Imam resumed his assault on the Constitution, dubbing it a “roadblock to the dignified existence of the Muslim community and other religious minorities in India.” He also claimed that Muslims had been disenfranchised, of course, without offering any proof for his sweeping accusations.

He then alleged that the protests led by the Islamo-leftists against the National Register of Citizens (NRC) had delayed its implementation, even though the unrest began before any nationwide NRC had been introduced.

“Our discourse critiquing secularism and the Constitution, and our questioning of Congress, Gandhi and Nehru etc. – this discourse has emerged as the real voice of anti-CAA-NRC protests, because apart from this discourse there were only boring, sterile and futile repetitions of self-congratulatory nationalist discourse pretending to be the solution for Muslim issues – the time for that lie is up,” he boasted.

He also loathed Gandhi, who wanted Hindus to accept their destruction at the hands of Muslims without harbouring any anger, only over his support for cow protection, again illustrating his intense Hinduphobia.

Imam demands preferential consideration for Muslims while simultaneously insulting Hinduism and its followers, in an abject embodiment of rank hypocrisy that only a jihadi could possess.

Conclusion

The entire piece is an exercise in peddling victimhood, showcasing everyone from the state and the majority community to the Constitution and democratic institutions as perpetual antagonists, while posing Muslims as the eternal victims of their actions. There is little introspection or willingness to look inward, and instead the blame is placed on all but the actual perpetrators masquerading in the cloak of vulnerability.

Imam need only look at Pakistan, whose founders fuel his ideology and vision, to see what state oppression looks like and how minorities bear its consequences. How many Muslims have faced a similar fate in India? On the contrary, their numbers are expanding at a much faster rate than those of the majority community.

In fact, such is the alleged mistreatment that Bangladeshi and Rohingya Muslims desperately seek to enter India, but how many Indian Muslims want to cross over to these countries?

However, if there is one thing Imam can be credited for, it is his unapologetic approach to the jihadi cause, unlike Arfa Khanum Sherwani, who wanted to change tactics to deceive the gullible minds into supporting them.

For those shocked by Imam’s statements, the joke is clearly on you. This cabal has never hidden its agenda, even when pretending otherwise. Its members have been vocal, both directly and indirectly, about their agenda, despite using different methods to mislead Hindus.

This might come as a rude awakening for people who have chosen to bury their heads in the sand, but for those who have been paying attention, none of this is particularly surprising. From the Popular Front of India (PFI) to Imam and even Umar Khalid, their actions have spoken far louder than their words for a long time, and to disregard this record is merely an arrogant denial of the truth, which only serves their nefarious interests.

Bangladeshis slam Saudi Arabia for not informing Dhaka before executing a couple for an ‘indecent act’ in Mecca mosque: The sham of Ummah unity exposed

Let’s say the quiet part loudly. The Ummah’s so-called unity is not a brotherhood. It is a branding exercise. It is a slogan peddled at conferences, recycled in sermons and trotted out whenever someone needs to sound morally serious. This week, Saudi Arabia handed the world a case study in how hollow it all is.

Bangladesh says it was not informed before two of its citizens were executed in Mecca. Sri Lanka, by contrast, secured diplomatic engagement and a reprieve for Anojan Sivarasa, a Hindu migrant worker who faced the death penalty. If this is Islamic solidarity in practice, then what exactly does abandonment look like?

The uncomfortable question is not merely why Riyadh treated the two countries differently. It is why a country that constantly invokes religious ties and the solidarity of the Ummah could execute citizens of a Muslim-majority ally without even informing its government beforehand.

No call before the sword

On 14 October, Saudi Arabia executed two Bangladeshis identified as Nazrul Islam Abdul Basir and Siti Akhtar, after a Saudi court convicted them under ta’zir for what the Saudi Interior Ministry described as an “indecent act” inside a mosque in Mecca.

Bangladesh’s Consulate General in Jeddah said it received no prior notification of the arrests, trial or executions. Bangladesh’s foreign ministry has had to ask Riyadh for an explanation.

This is not a demand for special treatment. It is a demand for basic diplomatic courtesy and respect for the rights of foreign nationals facing criminal proceedings in another country.

Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, provides for communication between detained foreign nationals and their consular representatives. It requires the authorities of the receiving state to inform the detained person of their consular rights without delay if the person requests it, and to notify the consulate when the relevant conditions are met, and the detained person requests notification. Consular officers can communicate with and visit their nationals and help arrange legal representation.

The crucial question, therefore, is whether the two Bangladeshis were informed of their consular rights and allowed to seek assistance. Saudi authorities should clarify whether the applicable requirements were followed.

Saudi Arabia is hardly unfamiliar with controversy over capital punishment. The kingdom has repeatedly drawn international criticism for its use of the death penalty, including in cases involving foreign nationals. Amnesty International has documented executions involving migrant workers, including people convicted of drug-related offences, amid concerns over fair-trial safeguards and access to legal assistance.

In a system where the ultimate punishment is irreversible, consular access is not a bureaucratic formality. It can be a vital safeguard. It allows a foreign national’s government to establish contact, help secure legal representation and raise concerns about the proceedings.

When the punishment is death, the stakes could not be higher. A government learning about an execution only after it has taken place has lost the opportunity to intervene before the final decision becomes irreversible.

And apparently, even a basic notification was too much to expect in this case.

Saudi Arabia’s record raises uncomfortable questions

Saudi Arabia’s use of capital punishment has long attracted scrutiny from international human rights organisations. The concerns are not limited to the number of executions. They also encompass due process, access to legal representation, the treatment of foreign defendants and the circumstances in which families and consular authorities learn of an impending execution.

Foreign nationals are particularly vulnerable when they face criminal proceedings thousands of kilometres from home, sometimes without adequate language assistance or a clear understanding of the legal system. Their ability to obtain timely legal support and communicate with their home governments can be crucial.

That is precisely why consular safeguards matter. The Vienna Convention does not give foreign governments a veto over another country’s criminal justice system, nor does it automatically prevent an execution. But it recognises that foreign nationals have consular rights and that the relevant authorities must respect the applicable obligations.

The question in the Bangladesh case is straightforward: were those safeguards followed, and if so, why was Dhaka apparently unaware of the proceedings and the executions?

Saudi Arabia owes an explanation to Bangladesh and, more importantly, to anyone concerned with the protection of foreign nationals facing the death penalty.

Colombo got the courtesy; Riyadh ignored Dhaka

The contrast is not subtle. It is a flashing neon sign with an arrow pointing at the fake brotherly narrative of ummah. Sri Lanka intervened loudly and persistently for Anojan Sivarasa, a 24-year-old Hindu migrant. Anojan had been convicted of blasphemy over a Facebook comment and sentenced to death

Colombo sent a delegation, engaged lawyers, pursued the appeal, and made noise. On 14 October, the Saudi Supreme Court overturned the death sentence. Sri Lanka got access, attention and a result.

Bangladesh got silence, then news alerts. A non-Muslim-majority neighbour can press a case and get engagement. A Muslim-majority ally can lose its citizens and learn about it afterwards. If that is not the Ummah fighting with itself, what is?

The brotherhood of believers apparently comes with a priority queue, and Bangladesh was not even given a ticket. So much for the ummah’s fraudulent unity. It is not a community; it is a customer service line with no operator.

Cracks are visible; Saudi is not bothered

Bangladeshis are tweeting “slave” under their own foreign ministry’s feel-good OIC posts. Several Bangladeshi X users question Saudi’s bias towards Bangladesh.

A Bangladeshi X handle asked questions from Bangladeshi government: why they are not able to keep track of the cases to ensure they received fair trials, had access to legal assistance, and were afforded consular support?

Dr Rayahn Rashid posted on X, quoting her BBC Bangla report, “In essence, Article 36 of the Vienna Convention guarantees the consular and legal rights of foreign nationals. When a foreign national is detained, the consular service of their country must be informed. Consular officers can then speak with their national and arrange the necessary legal protection.”

She further wrote, ” Article 36 guarantees that a national arrested or detained in a foreign state has the right to communicate with their own country’s consulate and to receive legal assistance. Under it, consular officers may visit, speak and correspond with the detained person, and may arrange legal representation if that person wishes.”

Later, slamming Saudi authorities, she wrote, “This did not happen overnight. The Bangladesh mission ought to have known. It is not acceptable to say it could not have known unless the individuals or the Saudi authorities didn’t tell them, because the process clearly did not unfold in a single day.

Furthermore, under the Vienna Convention, the two detainees should have been informed of their right to consular assistance and asked whether they wished to receive it. Saudi Arabia must be able to show evidence that this was done,” she explained.

Attacking Saudi Arabia, one user wrote ” Saudi doing everything in their country like abusing maid,concert,allowing players live together without marriage however they executed a Bangladesh couple for a minor incident without telling Bangladeshi embassy. This is horrific. One day saudi will pay for this.”

In a Facebook post, Shahidul Alam, a Bangladeshi photojournalist, posted a Quranic verse from Surah An-Nur targeting Saudi Arabia’s interpretation of Sharia Law. Challenging the Saudi judgment, he wrote, “The Saudi state claims to rule by the Quran. Yet the Quran itself, in Surah An-Nur, prescribes a hundred lashes, not death, for unmarried people found guilty of such an act.”

Bangladeshis are continuously targeting Saudi. They want an explanation, such as demanding the full case file and judgments from Riyadh and publishing them about the incident, but Saudi authorities do not seem bothered at all. They didn’t give any official explanation about the case. It looks like they don’t care about their bond with their “Islamic Brother.”

A non-muslim state outmanoeuvres a Muslim brother

For Bangladesh, the disparity is especially bitter. More than three million Bangladeshis live and work in Saudi Arabia, and the two countries have long touted close religious and economic ties. Yet it was Sri Lanka, a Buddhist-majority country, that defended a Hindu citizen, with Saudi giving them prior information and a reprieve.

But on the other hand, Muslim-majority Bangladesh was kept in the dark until its citizens were executed. It looks like their lives have no value to Riyadh.

That inversion strikes at the existence of the Ummah ideal. If shared faith were the basis for solidarity and protection, Bangladesh should have received at least the same consideration as Sri Lanka.

Instead, the case exposed their so-called brotherhood. The case suggests that in the harsh arithmetic of international diplomacy, citizenship, leverage and timely engagement, not religious brotherhood, determine whose life is worth more.

Bangladesh’s place on the Ummah’s priority list

The most damning aspect of this episode is what it suggests about Bangladesh’s standing in Riyadh’s calculations.

Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia share longstanding religious, economic and diplomatic ties. Millions of Bangladeshis work in the kingdom, contributing to its economy while sending remittances home to their families. These workers are not merely statistics in bilateral trade figures. They are people whose lives, rights and dignity deserve protection.

Yet, according to Bangladesh’s account, its diplomatic mission was not informed before two of its citizens were executed.

If the account is accurate, Bangladesh was not even allowed to engage with Saudi authorities before the executions took place. The country’s religious affinity with the kingdom apparently offered no visible guarantee of prior communication.

This is where the rhetoric of the Ummah collides with the reality of international relations.

For years, the idea of a unified Muslim community has been invoked as though shared faith necessarily creates a durable political and moral alliance. But countries do not always treat one another as equal partners, even when they share a religion. Strategic interests, diplomatic leverage and political priorities frequently determine how governments respond to one another.

The Bangladesh case exposes the Ummah for what it arguably is: a fictional construct sustained by political rhetoric, religious symbolism and the promise of collective bargaining power. Muslim nations invoke this supposed brotherhood when it serves their interests, presenting themselves as members of a unified community capable of negotiating with the rest of the world from a position of strength. But when their interests clash, or when a weaker member expects protection from a more powerful one, the grand narrative begins to fall apart.

Put bluntly, if Riyadh could execute citizens of a Muslim-majority ally without informing its government beforehand, what does that say about Bangladesh’s place on the supposed hierarchy of Ummah solidarity? In essence, Riyadh doesn’t appear to consider Bangladesh an important enough nation to inform it about the execution of two of its nationals for committing an ‘indecent act’ inside a mosque in Mecca. Muslims often talk about the brotherhood they share with Muslim nations upholding the Shariah law.

But in reality, the Ummah appears less like a brotherhood bound by faith and more like a hierarchy of nations where power, influence and strategic interests determine whose concerns deserve attention. The very countries that invoke the supremacy of Shariah and the solidarity of Muslim nations seem unable to guarantee even basic diplomatic consideration to one another when it matters most.