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American hypocrisy exposed: Putin reveals US-Russia bilateral trade expanded by 20 per cent even as Trump imposes tariffs on India for Russian oil imports

Jinit Jain
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American hypocrisy exposed: Putin reveals US-Russia bilateral trade expanded by 20 per cent even as Trump imposes tariffs on India for Russian oil imports

The Alaska summit between Russian President Vladimir Putin and US President Donald Trump was meant to be a diplomatic spectacle, an event where Trump could once again project himself as a dealmaker and visionary leader trying to end the Ukraine war. Instead, what emerged from the joint press conference was a revelation that shredded America’s carefully cultivated moral grandstanding.

Putin, through his translator, calmly revealed that US-Russia bilateral trade had expanded by over 20 per cent in the past few months, even Trump kept claiming the US has been pressuring Moscow to end its war in its Ukraine.

The disclosure was nothing short of explosive. It exposed the duplicity of Washington’s Ukraine narrative, which has relentlessly pressured nations across the globe to wind down economic ties with Moscow in the name of “standing with Kyiv.” While the United States demands sacrifices from allies, it quietly deepens its own commercial engagement with the very country it brands as an international pariah. Notwithstanding the fact that the US quietly imports billions worth of Russian uranium and fertilizers to safeguard its own industries.

The tariff hammer falls on India

The timing of Putin’s disclosure could not have been more damning. Just days earlier, on August 6, Trump had imposed an additional 25 per cent tariff on Indian goods, raising the cumulative duty to 50 per cent. The move was explicitly framed as “punishment” for India’s refusal to halt imports of Russian oil. Trump did not mince his words.

“India has not been a good trading partner… we settled on 25 per cent… but I think I’m going to raise that substantially over the next 24 hours because they’re buying Russian oil,” he thundered while signing the executive order. The document spelt out his grievance with characteristic bluntness: “I find the Government of India is currently, directly or indirectly, importing Russian Federation oil… in my judgment I determine it necessary to impose an ad valorem duty on imports of articles from India…”

For New Delhi, the penalty was not merely an economic setback. It was a reminder of Washington’s overbearing expectations, its readiness to weaponise trade for geopolitical ends, and its disdain for the sovereign right of nations to pursue affordable energy security.

America’s Russian trade lifeline

Yet, while Trump was wielding tariffs like a cudgel against India, the United States was quietly securing its own energy and commodity needs from Moscow. Washington’s imports of uranium, essential for powering America’s nuclear energy sector, continue to run into billions of dollars annually. Likewise, Russian chemical fertilisers remain a staple for US agriculture, feeding the vast farm belt that forms Trump’s political base.

These are not minor transactions that slipped through the cracks. They are deliberate, calculated purchases that reflect America’s prioritisation of its own economic interests over the lofty rhetoric of isolating Russia. In other words, when it comes to the health of American industries and voters’ pocketbooks, the moral sermons about Ukraine suddenly fade into irrelevance.

This is the crux of the hypocrisy. The US government simultaneously demands that India abandon Russian oil, despite the obvious economic pain such a move entails, while ensuring that its own strategic sectors remain cushioned through steady imports from Moscow. Intriguingly, Trump has refrained from imposing tariffs on China, the largest importer of Russian oil, as well as European countries dependent on Russian energy.

Trump’s Nobel Prize obsession

Layered onto this economic duplicity is Trump’s personal obsession with legacy. Multiple reports and his own public statements point to his unhealthy fixation on being awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. He views the end of the Ukraine war not through the lens of global stability or humanitarian relief, but as a potential ticket to international recognition.

This explains his contradictory behaviour. On one hand, he has ramped up economic coercion against allies to create an illusion of toughness against Russia. On the other hand, he has allowed US-Russia trade to expand so that Washington retains leverage over Moscow and preserves a potential opening for negotiations. For Trump, the war is less about Ukraine’s sovereignty and more about scripting a personal triumph he can immortalise in history books, a dangerous narcissism masquerading as diplomacy.

The burden on India

India finds itself in the crosshairs of this American duplicity. As a nation of 1.4 billion people, with rising energy demands and developmental challenges, India cannot afford to turn its back on affordable Russian oil. Moscow offers competitive prices, reliable supply chains, and flexible payment mechanisms at a time when global energy markets remain volatile.

By penalising India for pursuing its national interest, Washington is not just alienating a vital partner but also undermining the very principle of a multipolar world order. Trump’s tariffs effectively amount to economic arm-twisting: fall in line with US diktats or pay the price. This is not the behaviour of an ally. It is the behaviour of a hegemon using trade as a weapon of control.

The façade of moral high ground

The larger problem lies in the narrative that the United States has sold to the world. Washington has consistently positioned itself as the moral leader of a coalition resisting Russian aggression in Ukraine. It has invoked the language of democracy, human rights, and the “rules-based international order.” Yet, its own conduct betrays these very principles.

If the war in Ukraine is truly an existential battle between freedom and tyranny, then why does the United States continue to import Russian commodities critical to its economy? Why is it acceptable for Washington to deepen its trade ties with Moscow while condemning others for doing the same? The answer is simple: because America’s foreign policy is not guided by moral consistency but by raw self-interest.

Lessons for the Global South

For India and much of the Global South, the Alaska summit should serve as a clarifying moment. It demonstrates that America’s call for unity against Russia is less about principles and more about maintaining US dominance. Allies are expected to bear the cost of sanctions, higher energy prices, and economic dislocation, while America quietly insulates itself from these very hardships.

This is why nations from Asia to Africa to Latin America have resisted Washington’s pressure campaigns. They see through the hypocrisy. They recognise that sovereignty means choosing partnerships based on national interest, not bending to the whims of a superpower obsessed with controlling global trade flows.

The naked truth

Putin’s revelation in Alaska was not just a diplomatic jab. It was an unmasking of America’s double game. Trump may continue to sermonise about principles, democracy, and peace prizes, but his actions reveal an administration willing to punish allies while privileging itself.

For India, the path forward lies in recognising that Washington’s friendship comes with strings attached, often economic, always self-serving. For the wider world, it is a reminder that American exceptionalism is built on selective morality, where rules apply only to others, never to itself.

The Ukraine war may eventually end. Whether Trump wins his coveted Nobel or not remains to be seen. But one truth has already been laid bare: America’s greatest export is not democracy or freedom. It is hypocrisy, packaged as high principle, enforced with economic might.

The Alaska summit may not have delivered the outcomes Washington hoped for, but it laid bare a stark truth: Ukraine’s sovereignty was never Trump’s real concern. For him, it is merely a bargaining chip to strong-arm other nations into submission. And when they refuse to submit to bend like India did, he has no other option but to “double” the tariffs.

The role of political Islam, use of violence by Muslim League, responsibility of the Congress and more: NCERT releases special module on Partition Horrors

Dibakar Dutta
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The role of political Islam, use of violence by Muslim League, responsibility of the Congress and more: NCERT releases special module on Partition Horrors

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has released a special module on Partition Horrors Remembrance Day, which is observed on 14th August each year, for Classes 6 to 12.

NCERT is an autonomous body under the Education Ministry, which prepares the national curriculum framework and publishes textbooks that are used by CBSE students from Classes 1 to 12.

In the newly released module [pdf], NCERT highlighted how political Islam and its ideology were the driving force behind Partition. It highlighted the persecution of Hindus, the use of violence by Muslim League, responsibility of the Congress party and how most Muslims who voted for Pakistan stayed back in India.

Political Islam at the forefront of Partition, most Muslims did not leave for Pakistan

The module pointed out that most Muslims did not leave for Pakistan, which was created for them.

“Even though a separate country was created for Muslims, about 3.5 crores Muslims did not shift and continued to stay in India. Pakistan was demanded and created as a homeland for all Indian Muslims.”

It stated that the Muslim League won 73 out of 78 seats reserved for Muslims in the March 1946 elections, and yet the majority of those voters did not migrate to Pakistan.

The module made it clear in no uncertain terms that the ‘sentiment’ that led to the creation of Pakistan persists in India.

On Page 6 of the module, NCERT emphasised the fundamental cause of Partition and the divisive nature of the ideology of political Islam.

It referenced the speech of ‘Muslim League’ leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah of 22nd March 1940, wherein he propagated his 2-nation theory.

The module stated, “…Muslim leaders called themselves as fundamentally separate from Hindus. The root of this lay in the ideology of political Islam, which denies the possibility of any permanent or equal relationship with non- Muslims. This principle has been consistently applied in various parts of the world for centuries and can still be seen today.“

NCERT questioned the failure of the Indian leaders to reflect on the ideology of religious separatism and claims of special privileges for the Muslim community. (Page 11 of the module)

On Part 12 of the module, the NCERT underlined how Indian leaders ignored the harsh realities of Hindu-Muslim relations and conveniently blamed the British.

“They blamed the British rulers for every problem, including communalism. It was an exaggerated narrative. Had they remained grounded in history, they might have drawn very different conclusions and curtailed Muslim League’s communal politics from the start,” it concluded.

Pakistan – An exporter of terrorism that has support of ‘powerful nations’

NCERT, in its newly released module (Page 5) underlined the jihadist terrorism of Pakistan, which it unleashes on India with the hopes of inflicting ‘a thousand cuts.’

It pointed out that ‘some powerful nations’ continue to arm Pakistan and support it militarily, despite its track record on terrorism.

The module read, “Pakistan has waged three wars to annex Kashmir and, after losing them, adopted a policy of exporting jihadist terrorism to inflict “a thousand cuts” on India from within. This has claimed thousands of lives, both civilian and military.

It further noted”…Some powerful nations regularly use Pakistan to exert pressure on India. Several countries continue to arm and support Pakistan militarily and strategically. As a result, India has had to spend heavily on defense.“

Congress was one of the factors behind Partition: NCERT

The NCERT stated that the Congress party was one of the 3 actors, besides Jinnah and Mountbatten, which was responsible for the Partition of India.

It noted that the British government wanted to keep India as one and several Viceroys had conceded that Partition was not going to solve the ‘Hindu-Muslim problem.’

“All those who agreed to the abrupt timeline for Partition and transfer of power were responsible for it,” read Page 9 of the module.

It pointed out that most leaders, both within the Congress and the Muslim League, could not believe that the idea of an independent Muslim country was possible.

Page 10 of the module said, “Since it had long been the known position of the British government that it was against Partition, Congress leaders underestimated Jinnah.”

It added, “But in 1947, for the first time, Indian leaders themselves willingly handed over a vast part of the country permanently outside the national fold—along with tens of crores of its citizens— without even their consent. This was a unique event in human history, when a nation’s own leaders, without a war, peacefully and in closed meetings, suddenly severed crores of their people from the country!

Persecution of Hindus and use of violence to facilitate Partition

On Page 4, the module noted,”A large number of families were forced to convert into Islam.”

It highlighted how Jammu and Kashmir started losing its social character and how the position of Kashmiri Pandits began weakening in the aftermath of Partition.

“In later decades, this decline worsened with the additional export of terrorism to the region,” the module stated.

NCERT added how Muhammad Ali Jinnah directed his followers to use violence and arms to enforce the idea of Pakistan during the Direct Action Day on 16th August 1946. (Page 7 of the module).

Muslims oversaw creation of Pakistan, many stayed back despite voting for the Muslim League

During the provincial elections in 1946, Muslims voted overwhelmingly for Muslim League which had stirred up religious passions with its demand for a separate Islamic State at the time.

The Muslim League asserted that Hindus and Muslims cannot co-exist in the same country and thus, Muslims should have a country of their own carved out of India itself, post-independence.

In total, 87% of seats were won by the Muslim League in India in 1946. A closer look at the numbers shows how the demand for a separate Islamic State bolstered the political demand for a separate state.

The table below shows a comparison between the seats won by the Muslim League in 1937 and 1946. As one can see, the number of states that were won by the Muslim League of Jinnah went up manyfold in 1946.

In every state, the rise in the popularity of the Muslim League was substantial. In states like Bihar, for example, from zero seats in 1937, the Muslim League won a whopping 34 seats out of 40 seats.

In Madras, the increase was from 9 to all 29 seats. The pattern holds across all states, or provinces, as they were called during that period. It is to be remembered that though the two-nation theory itself existed for much longer, a formal political demand was made for a separate state for Muslims in 1940.

It was in 1940 that Jinnah formally announced the demand in Lahore that the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North-West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be “wholly autonomous and sovereign”.

The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan’s first constitution.

Source: University of Chicago

The formalisation of the demand in 1940 led to a huge surge in the Muslim population supporting the Muslim League and by extension, supporting the demand for a separate Islamic State called Pakistan, which would be carved out of India.

It is thus intriguing when several apologists claim that most Muslims stayed back in India out of choice and that most Muslims at the time did not want a separate Islamic state.

There can be no denying that there was opposition even from the Muslims at the time to the idea of a separate state, however, political statements and what counts during voting are two rather separate concepts.

If Muslims wanted a separate Islamic State and voted overwhelmingly in its favour, why did so many Muslims stay back?

The obvious argument that is presented, sans facts, to counter the overwhelming support for the creation of Pakistan is that if most Muslims at the time supported the two-nation theory, then why did so many Muslims stay back?

And if they indeed did stay back, it only means that they rejected the two-nation theory. After partition, several leaders were in support of the full exchange of population, including leaders like BR Ambedkar.

In his book on Partition, Ambedkar clearly outlines how and why he was in favour of a full population exchange between India and Pakistan, which would essentially mean that all Hindus and other religious factions other than Muslims would come back to India and all Muslims from India would go to Pakistan.

In fact, he had even written a basic framework on how the issues arising out of full population exchange could be dealt with.

Sardar Patel had, even after the partition spoken extensively about how Muslims had helped create Pakistan. His famous quote from his speech in Kolkata, 1948, bears testament to the fact. He had said, “Most of the Muslims who have stayed back in Hindustan, helped in creating Pakistan.

Now, I don’t understand what has changed in one night that they are asking us not to doubt their loyalty”.

Further, one has to remember that the demand for full population exchange was supported by several stalwarts at the time.

A report in Sunday Guardian says, “Dr Mookerjee, accompanied by Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, went to plead with Gandhi for agreeing to Jinnah’s proposal for an exchange of population, the old man’s flat reply was that partition was on a territorial basis and not on religious grounds. Hence, no question of exchanging Hindus from Pakistan with Muslims from India. This was when the division was exclusively on the criterion of religion, Hindu and Muslim”.

Partition’s forgotten truth: How ‘secular progressives’ were hunted down in Pakistan

Anurag Mishra
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Partition’s forgotten truth: How ‘secular progressives’ were hunted down in Pakistan

When India was being partitioned in 1947, many seculars were afraid that the fate of how the two countries would turn out to be. Seculars back then had the misconception that their so-called secular and progressive ideas would be valued once they moved to Pakistan after partition.

But ever since the formation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947, no secular and progressive idea or individual has been able to survive in the country. The Hindus, who chose Pakistan over India, were brutally killed in front of their houses for being ‘Kafirs’. And, the handful of Muslims who supported progressive ideas were either forced to leave Pakistan or were left to die in isolation. After leaving the country, all these Momin Hazrats came back to India, and to date, their descendants are propagating their Islamic ideologies while singing the famous lines of Iqbal’s poem, which read as-

ऐ आबरुए गंगा – अब तक है याद हमको – उतरा तेरे किनारे – जब काफिला हमारा

Be it Pakistan’s first law minister or the writer of Pakistan’s first national anthem, here is an account of how these so-called progressive people got the taste of Islamic ideology. They faced public humiliation, were mob lynched, and had to flee from the so-called ‘good’ Pakistan to the so-called ‘bad’ India to save their lives.

The first name to appear in this series is that of economist Professor Nrij Narain. He was a supporter of Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s ‘Two-Nation Theory‘. Narain described Pakistan as a country with a better economic model and better prospects than India. However, his belief could not save his life. Narain was killed right in front of his house in Lahore by a bloodthirsty Islamic mob, who called him a ‘Kafir’on the day Pakistan was formed.

Brij Narain’s friend, Jogendra Nath Mandal, met a similar fate. Mandal, along with Jinnah, proposed a theory which said that since Muslims, along with Dalits, are a minority in India, they would, despite becoming a majority in Pakistan, protect the rights of Dalits. This is similar to the ‘Jai Bheem, Jai Meem’ narrative pushed by AIMIM leader Asaduddin Owaisi.

Jinnah appointed Jogendra Nath Mandal as the first Law Minister of Pakistan. But, after the death of Jinnah, Mandal’s tenure as the Minister of Law and Labour was cut short as he was forced to leave Pakistan and come back to India in 1950, after personally facing and witnessing discrimination against Dalits by the Muslim majority.

The progressive people at that time voiced their support for the creation of a country, which was being formed solely in the name of Islam. Poet Sahir Ludhianvi, music maestro Bade Ghulam Ali Khan and the outspoken author of Urdu literature Saadat Hasan Manto all initially chose to stay in Quaid-e-Azam’s Pakistan. But it did not take them long to realise their mistake. After living there for a while, they realised that they had chosen hell instead of heaven. Describing the situation in Pakistan, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, who came back to India, remarked that only Muslims can live in that country.

Sahir Ludhianvi, who used to promote the Communist ideology through an Urdu magazine called ‘Savera’, feared that he would be arrested and eventually killed on the allegations of writing provocative and seditious articles against the Pakistani government. Gripped by the fear that he would be beheaded someday while walking down the streets of Pakistan, Ludhianvi hid himself under a Burqa and discreetly returned to India overnight. Ironically, after coming to India, Ludhianvi spent the rest of his life under the protection of a Hindu named Prakash Pandit.

Urdu author Saadat Hasan Manto, who left India for Pakistan, faced legal cases for his writings like ‘Thanda Gosht’. He faced persecution at the hands of an Islamic regime. He was pushed into destitution by the cutting of his income sources; as a result, he went into depression. The fire of Islamic ideology not only roasted his Thanda Gosht but also charred his desire to live. Within a few years of the formation of the ‘ideal’ country of Pakistan, he died of liver cirrhosis due to alcohol addiction.

Sajjad Zaheer, a founding member of the Communist Party of India, also chose Pakistan. He went to the Islamic country and formed the Communist Party of Pakistan. But he was arrested in the Rawalpindi Conspiracy case and was tortured in jail. After being released from jail in 1955, he came straight back to India.

There are dozens of such names, like Javed Akhtar’s father-in-law, Kaifi Azmi, and Qurratul Ain Hyder, who supported Pakistan at the time of partition. But when they moved to Pakistan, they were forced to flee from there. There were many such names in the Muslim League at the time of partition who gathered votes for the party, which was at the core of the formation of Pakistan. And yet, they stayed back in India after the formation of Pakistan to finish their half-achieved target of converting India into Dar-ul-Islam. These people became supporters of the Communist ideology and disguised their real intentions under the garb of ‘social work’.

Even today, there are people in India whose eyes eagerly keep searching for a messiah on the other side of the border. Some of these people are tormented by the worry of the future of their progeny, while others believe that India, under a Hindutva regime, has become the Pakistan or Taliban of Hindus.

Here is an appeal to the torchbearers of secularism in India, that they should read the history of the famous secular personalities who lived during the time of partition and keep their faces in their minds till the end of time to remember what happened to them in Pakistan.

They should remember that the idea of Pakistan is not a mere thought or imagination. It is a savage mob of religious fanatics gathered by misleading and deceiving people in the name of a heavenly book. Not to forget that whoever fell in love with the idea of this savage mob was eventually torn into pieces and fed upon by the same bloodthirsty mob.

The Bengal Files trailer launch cancelled in Kolkata as TMC alleges the movie to be ‘Propaganda’, filmmaker Vivek Agnihotri calls it dictatorship

OpIndia Staff
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The Bengal Files trailer launch cancelled in Kolkata as TMC alleges the movie to be ‘Propaganda’, filmmaker Vivek Agnihotri calls it dictatorship

The controversy around filmmaker Vivek Agnihotri’s upcoming movie The Bengal Files is getting bigger, with the Trinamool Congress (TMC) openly attacking the director and his work. On Saturday, 16th August, the trailer launch of the film, which was supposed to take place at a five-star hotel in Kolkata, was stopped at the last moment, sparking a political storm.

TMC calls film “Propaganda”

TMC leader Kunal Ghosh strongly criticised Agnihotri, “Vivek Agnihotri is doing drama. In the name of films, he is doing politically motivated propaganda and trying to divide people. Why has he not made ‘Gujarat Files’ and shown what happened to Bilkis? Why have ‘UP Files’ or ‘MP Files’ or even ‘Manipur Files’ not been made? He has come to Bengal to malign Bengal; he should be thrown out of Bengal, but because there is democracy here, he is still here.”

He also hit back at Agnihotri for invoking the name of legendary filmmaker Satyajit Ray. “How dare he take Satyajit Ray’s name? This is Ray’s land, and Agnihotri is trying to use it to create hatred. He should instead make a film showing Bengal’s development, which is a model for the entire country,” Ghosh added.

Trailer launch cancelled at the last moment

Amid these political statements, the situation turned chaotic at the planned trailer launch of The Bengal Files. The event was set to take place at a luxury hotel in Kolkata in the afternoon of Saturday, 16th August. But just before the screening, the hotel cancelled it at the last minutes.

According to media reports, Agnihotri said that heavy police presence was seen at the hotel, with officers deployed both inside and outside. He also claimed that the laptop meant for the trailer screening was seized by the police and that wires at the venue were deliberately cut to prevent the event.

“All the screens had been set up, tests were completed last night. And suddenly, at the last minute, they said the screening cannot happen. There is clearly political pressure. If this is not dictatorship or fascism, then what is it? Law and order in this state has completely failed,” Agnihotri told reporters.

He further said that permissions for the event were already taken, and asked why it was allowed to continue till the morning but stopped right before the launch. “This is happening in the land of Satyajit Ray, where filmmakers are not allowed to screen their work. The ruling party has filed several FIRs against me already. I got relief from the Calcutta High Court, and if needed, I will move the Supreme Court,” the director added.

Pallavi Joshi: ‘Not even in Kashmir did this happen’

Actor and co-producer Pallavi Joshi, who is also featured in the film, was disappointed. “I didn’t like the way this happened.”  Is there freedom of expression in this state? As filmmakers, we are not being allowed to show what we have made. What is the government so afraid of? Such a thing didn’t happen even in Kashmir. Is the situation in Bengal worse than Kashmir now?” she asked.

Producer Abhishek Agarwal also voiced concern, saying, “During The Kashmir Files, nothing like this happened. But for The Bengal Files, the trailer was stopped midway.”

Police say no permission granted

Police sources, however, gave a different version. According to them, Agnihotri had sent an email seeking police permission for the trailer launch, but no approval was given. Despite that, the event was organised at the hotel, which was then stopped.

BJP slams Mamata government

The incident also triggered a sharp response from the BJP. Union Minister Sukanta Majumdar called the cancellation “shameful” and accused the Mamata Banerjee-led government of “dictatorial tactics.”

He posted on social media, saying, “In the land of Satyajit Ray, Bengal has witnessed a disgraceful episode. First, a theatre chain cancelled the event under political pressure, and when Agnihotri tried to do it at a hotel, even that was sabotaged. Wires were cut, police were deployed, and the entire team was insulted.”

Majumdar added, “This is nothing but jungle-raj and anarchy. What is Mamata Banerjee so afraid of? The people of Bengal can see the truth now.”

The Bengal Files is written and directed by Vivek Agnihotri, who earlier made The Kashmir Files that created nationwide debate in 2022. The film stars Mithun Chakraborty, Anupam Kher, Darshan Kumar, and Pallavi Joshi. It is set to release on 5th September this year.

Noida to Delhi Airport in 20 minutes: Read all about the UER II project that will ease travel in the National Capital Region

OpIndia Staff
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Noida to Delhi Airport in 20 minutes: Read all about the UER II project that will ease travel in the National Capital Region

Reaching Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport from Noida will soon be a lot faster and smoother. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate two big road projects on Sunday, the Urban Extension Road-II (UER-II) and the Delhi section of the Dwarka Expressway.

With these additional stretches becoming operational, Noida-IGI Airport travel duration will come down to a mere 20 minutes. The projects will also help reduce traffic on inner roads, easing pressure on National Highway-48, National Highway-44, Ring Roads, and the Barapullah elevated corridor.

What is UER-II

The Urban Extension Road-II (UER-II) is a 75.71 km long road facility, constructed in five segments at a cost of more than ₹6,400 crore. 54.21 kms of it lies in Delhi and 21.50 kms in Haryana. Once completed, it will link Mahipalpur, close to IGI Airport, with Alipur in North Delhi, further connecting it to National Highway-44.

This means that Gurugram, south Delhi, and west Delhi residents will no longer have to deal with the endless traffic jam on the Ring Road and Dhaula Kuan. They will have faster access to NH-44, Chandigarh, Punjab, and Jammu & Kashmir.

Dwarka expressway to have a tunnel to IGI Airport

PM Modi will inaugurate four of the five packages of UER-II, along with phases three and four of the Dwarka Expressway around 12.30 pm on Sunday, as reported by ANI. The ceremony will take place in Rohini, and the Prime Minister is expected to inspect both projects. The 10.1 km stretch also has a 5.1 km tunnel that directly links the road to IGI Airport. The tunnel will ease and speed up travel to Gurugram significantly.

Earlier in March 2024, the Prime Minister had also dedicated the Haryana part of the Dwarka Expressway (29 km stretch from Mahipalpur to Kherki Daula on NH-48) to the citizens of India. With the Delhi section now open, the expressway is almost ready to become operational.

Plans for future expansion

The connectivity does not end here. The government also intends to connect UER-II to the proposed Delhi-Dehradun Expressway, which will begin just near Akshardham temple. This will allow traffic from Haryana and Rajasthan to reach Dehradun without entering the city.

Yet another 65 km long highway has been sanctioned between Tronica City and the upcoming FNG Expressway. This highway will link five large expressways of the NCR, Delhi-Dehradun, Delhi-Meerut, Noida-Greater Noida, DND-Faridabad, and Yamuna Expressway.

What makes UER-II special is that it has also contributed to cleaner surroundings. About 10 lakh metric tons of inert material recovered from Delhi’s old landfill sites through biomining was used in its construction. 

Uttar Pradesh: Prayagraj woman says, “I am a Hindu, I don’t want to become Muslim,” accuses brother of forcing the family to convert after bringing home a Muslim woman

OpIndia Staff
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Uttar Pradesh: Prayagraj woman says, “I am a Hindu, I don’t want to become Muslim,” accuses brother of forcing the family to convert after bringing home a Muslim woman

A 21-year-old woman from Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh, Ritika Kushwaha, has complained against her older brother of forcing her to convert her religion to Islam after being influenced by a Muslim woman living with them. According to Ritika, her younger sister Radhika was unable to bear the pressure and harassment and passed away last year.

According to media reports, on 29th July, Ritika fled from her house and went straight to senior police officials seeking protection. She was accompanied by her elder sister, Kanchan, who had come from Jaipur. The sisters claimed that their brother Rahul Kushwaha’s behaviour and the atmosphere at home completely changed after he brought a woman named Rubia into the family home.

Family turmoil after father’s death

The Kushwaha family lives in Rajapur Uchwaghadi locality under Cantt police station in Prayagraj. Ritika is now the youngest of five siblings. Their father, Ramesh Kushwaha, died due to illness, after which their mother also suffered from mental health issues. Responsibility of the household fell on the eldest brother, Rahul.

However, in May 2023, Rahul brought home Rubia, the wife of his jailed friend Ejaz. Since then, according to Ritika, the entire household changed.

“My brother now wears a cap, offers namaz, and goes to dargahs. He forces us to follow the same. My younger sister Radhika opposed it, but he took her to maulvis, calling her ill. After one year of harassment, she died on 29th May, 2024,” Ritika told police officials.

Allegations of harassment

Ritika claims that after Radhika’s death, she too was pressured by Rahul and Rubia to perform Islamic rituals. She says maulvis frequently visit their home, and she is forced to sit with them, take tabeez, and accept their blessings.

“When I resist, my brother and Rubia beat me up. They are determined to convert me. But I’m a Hindu, I don’t want to become Muslim,” Ritika said.

Her elder sister Kanchan also backed her claims, saying their brother has become violent and abusive. “He has made our mother’s condition worse, and he uses force against us if we don’t listen to him. He is no longer the brother we knew,” Kanchan said.

Criminal history of Rahul Kushwaha

Police records verify that Rahul Kushwaha is a criminal. In 2021, Rahul was arrested in a bomb case in the Daraganj area and remained incarcerated for more than a year. Rahul was released on bail with the assistance of Ejaz, a resident who was also behind bars then.

According to Kanchan, Rahul felt indebted to Ejaz and began supporting his family. When Ejaz could not come out of jail, his wife, Rubia, entered Rahul’s life. Since then, she has been living with him at the Kushwaha family house, behaving like his partner.

Rubia allegedly follows Hindu traditions in her appearance to avoid suspicion, while persuading Rahul to adopt Islamic practices. Neighbours say the family home now looks more like a dargah than a residence.

Rising tensions within the family

The forced changes inside the house led to serious clashes within the family. Ritika’s brother Rajat, upset with Rahul’s treatment of his sisters, once fired a shot at Rahul with a locally-made gun about six months ago. Rajat was arrested and is currently in jail.

Another brother, Kunal, also revealed that Rahul had earlier tried to force him into conversion and even took him to a dargah. Kunal left the house and lived in Delhi for a year, but returned when his sister Radhika died.

Now, according to Kunal, Rahul is determined to send Ritika away to a maulvi in Kolkata after forcing her conversion. “He beats the entire family and even keeps a pistol in the house. He moves around with a group of goons, and the local police don’t act against him,” Kunal alleged.

Neighbours confirm his criminal image

When residents were asked about Rahul, most avoided speaking on record but admitted that he is known as a criminal-minded person. They said the old mother still lives in the house, and the sisters had recently run away due to harassment.

One neighbour said, “It is a family matter, but everyone here knows Rahul’s reputation. His mother and sisters are suffering.”

Police response

Cantt Police Inspector confirmed to the media that Rahul Kushwaha is indeed a history-sheeter with multiple cases registered against him, including theft, bombing, robbery, and under the Gangster Act.

“On 29th July, his sister submitted a complaint alleging harassment and indecency. Preliminary investigation found substance in her claims, and efforts are underway to arrest him,” the officer said.

DCP (City) Abhishek Bharti also stated, “A young woman approached us with a petition regarding harassment by her brother. We sought a detailed report from the local police. Strong legal action will be taken against the accused soon.”

For Ritika, who says her younger sister lost her life due to the same pressure, the demand is simple: protection and justice. “Please save me. Don’t let what happened to my younger sister happen to me,” she pleaded before the police.

Delhi: 18, including data thieves and crypto converters, held after a 6 month long police operation as crackdown on cybercrime continues

OpIndia Staff
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Delhi: 18, including data thieves and crypto converters, held after a 6 month long police operation as crackdown on cybercrime continues

The Delhi Police Special Cell’s Intelligence Fusion and Strategic Operations (IFSO) Unit has exposed and dismantled a major cybercrime syndicate that had been bleeding State Bank of India (SBI) credit card holders across the country. The elaborate fraud, which relied on insider collusion, psychological trickery, and rapid laundering through cash and cryptocurrency, was cracked after a six-month operation.

A nationwide credit card fraud uncovered

The syndicate, operating largely out of Delhi’s Kakrola and Uttam Nagar areas, specialised in targeting SBI credit card customers. Police said the gang impersonated SBI customer care executives, tricking card holders into revealing sensitive authentication data such as One-Time Passwords (OTPs) and Card Verification Values (CVVs). This information was immediately used to purchase electronic gift cards online.

Investigators discovered that the call centre in Kakrola, Dwarka, was not an isolated scam hub but part of a highly organised network. A total of 18 individuals were eventually arrested, including the masterminds, coordinators, call centre insiders, data brokers, and cash handlers.

Insider leaks fuelled the operation

According to the police, confidential customer data had been leaking from authorised Card Protection Plan (CPP) call centres. These insiders provided personally identifiable information (PII) such as names, registered numbers, and partial card details, particularly of customers already enrolled in CPP services.

Using this information, the fraudsters called victims pretending to be from SBI, often under the pretext of renewing or verifying their CPP benefits. To gain trust, they coined deceptive phrases like “One Time Permission” and “Customer Value Verification Code,” nudging unsuspecting customers into sharing OTPs and CVVs.

Real-time looting and laundering

Once details were obtained, the fraudsters acted instantly. Gift cards bought with stolen credentials were funnelled to travel agents and middlemen. These intermediaries provided either cash or cryptocurrency, mainly USDT (Tether), making the stolen funds vanish almost without trace.

The gang ran the scam continuously, careful not to target Delhi-based customers, thus avoiding immediate detection. Victims were spread across multiple states, with total financial losses estimated at around Rs 2.6 crore.

Full chain of crime mapped

Delhi Police said the syndicate functioned as a complete criminal ecosystem. Operational members executed phishing calls and targeted victims. Finance handlers managed the laundering channels through crypto and bulk gift card reselling. During raids, officers recovered 52 SIM cards and bank details of multiple customers.

The painstaking investigation has, according to police officials, successfully dismantled an entire ecosystem of cybercrime rather than just its frontline callers, a rare example of a crackdown on both the executioners and the hidden enablers of such fraud.

‘Supreme Court cannot amend the Constitution or defeat the intent of the Constitution makers’, Union Govt warns of constitutional chaos over SC fixing time limits for President

OpIndia Staff
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‘Supreme Court cannot amend the Constitution or defeat the intent of the Constitution makers’, Union Govt warns of constitutional chaos over SC fixing time limits for President

The Union government recently cautioned the Supreme Court that a “constitutional chaos” could result if one organ of the state encroached upon the constitutional powers of another organ. The centre’s remarks were reportedly made in a detailed written submission filed in the presidential reference relating to the Supreme Court verdict that set deadlines on the exercise of constitutional powers of the President and the Governor. A constitution bench of the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice of India, BR Gavai, had asked the Union and the State governments in July this year to file their written submissions in the presidential reference by 12th August.

Referring to the top court’s verdict that reignited the debate around judicial overreach, the Solicitor General said that the existence of some limited problems in the implementation of the assent process cannot justify the reduction of the higher office of the Governor to a subordinate one. Mehta contended that the offices of the Governor and President are “politically complete” and represent “higher ideals of democratic governance”. He added that any alleged lapses in the assent process should be remedied through political and constitutional mechanisms and not through “unwarranted judicial interventions”.

“When the Constitution seeks to impose time limits for taking certain decisions, it specifically mentions such time limits. Where it has consciously kept the exercise of powers flexible, it does not impose any fixed time limit. To judicially read in such a limitation would be to amend the Constitution,” Mehta said.

Explaining the ambit of Articles 200 and 201, which relate to the power of the President and the Governor to grant assent to bills, the Solicitor General pointed out that the Articles contain four different verbs, viz., ‘assent’, ‘withhold’, ‘reserve’ and ‘return’. He said all four verbs carry different meanings and discretionary scope.

Mehta added that the provisions were carefully crafted by the constitution framers to meet the unforeseen exigencies. He cautioned against setting rigid timelines concerning the provisions, saying that it would render “the intention of the framers nugatory” and would hinder the ability of these constitutional offices to ensure constitutional compliance and protect the democratic principles and the national interest.

Actions of President, Governor under the Constitution immune from court proceedings: Centre

He said that the actions of the President and the Governor fall within the category of proceedings that cannot be called into question in a court of law. “The assent of the governor or the president is integrally connected with the legislative process of a state legislature and attracts the constitutional bars on judicial inquiry under Articles 122 and 212,” Mehta submitted. The Solicitor General pointed out that the President and the Governor enjoy constitutional immunity under Article 361 from court proceedings for acts done in the exercise of their official duties.

Speaking about the Supreme Court’s vast powers under Article 142, Mehta said the court cannot use these powers to amend the Constitution. “Even under its extraordinary powers vested in Article 142, the Supreme Court cannot amend the Constitution or defeat the intent of the Constitution makers, provided there are no such procedural mandates in the constitutional text,” he asserted.

He further added that the provision cannot be used to override constitutional provisions or reallocate powers vested in other organs of the state. “The very width of the power brings with it a high threshold of duty to not exercise the same in such a manner that amends the text of the Constitution itself and fundamental constitutional and legal principles,” Mehta stated.

Background of the case

In May this year, President Droupadi Murmu referred a list of 14 questions to the Apex Court seeking its opinion on them. The questions related to the modifications prescribed by the Supreme Court to Articles 200 and 201, which relate to the powers of the President and the Governor to grant or withhold assent to bills in a verdict passed in The State of Tamil Nadu v The Governor of Tamil Nadu and Anr, in April this year.

The present judgment arose out of a long-standing tussle between the Tamil Nadu government and the Governor, wherein the latter had reserved 10 Bills passed by the state legislature for the assent of the President. A division bench of the Supreme Court, comprising Justices B Pardiwala and R Mahadevan, examined the concerned provisions and prescribed some time limits to be followed by the President and the Governor in exercise of their powers under Articles 200 and 201. The bench prescribed a three-month deadline for the President and one month for Governors to decide on the bills passed by the legislature.

After receiving the Presidential reference, a bench comprising CJI Gavai and justices Surya Kant, Vikram Nath, PS Narasimha and Atul S Chandurkar prepared a nine-day schedule starting from August 19 to decide the 14 constitutional questions referred by the President under Article 143. A Constitutional bench will be hearing the case.

No permission to do Puja, but enough space to offer Namaz: How CPIM has different rules for Hindus and Muslims in Kerala

Dibakar Dutta
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No permission to do Puja, but enough space to offer Namaz: How CPIM has different rules for Hindus and Muslims in Kerala

The Communist Party of India (Marxist) has yet again exhibited its glaring hypocrisy when it comes to the subject of religion. The ruling party in the State of Kerala has made it crystal clear that it treats adherents of Hinduism and practitioners of Islam distinctly.

Recently, a video was shared on social media by CPIM member Bineesh Kodiyeri, who happens to the the son of ex-Home Minister of Kerala Kodiyeri Balakrishnan. In the video, a man wearing a skull cap could be seen offering Namaz inside the premises of the CPIM party office.

According to X (formerly Twitter) user Anand, the man is a hawker from Kollam who sells bedsheets for a living. The Muslim man had sought space from the local CPIM workers to offer Namaz as it was raining outside. The party instantly complied with his request and allowed him to pray inside the office.

CPIM leader Bineesh Kodiyeri stated in his social media post –

“When a man, drenched in rain, asks for a place to pray, holding fast to his faith, a political party office prepares it for him, creating circumstances conducive to that man’s faith. This is the CPI(M), an organization that protects the faith and goodness of people. This love and brotherhood are the biggest strength of our state.”

The party described the decision to allow a Muslim man to offer Namaz inside its office as an act of ‘love and brotherhood.’ Coinidentally, such a harmonious outlook, tolerance and accommodating attitude are often missing when it comes to Hindus.

CPIM stops Ganapati homam

In February 2024, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) objected to the Ganapati homam, which was performed inside the premises of the Nedumannur LP School in the Kozhikode district of Kerala.

The CPIM goons learnt about the Puja from the locals and brought it to a halt. They also attacked the organisers who conducted the rituals.

Later, the police were called in and they arrested the organisers. The CPIM goons then carried out a protest march to the Nedumannur LP School.

Ganapati homam stopped by CPIM goons, oganisers arrested by police

This was despite the fact that the Puja was conducted with the prior permission of the school authorities. As per convention, Puja is conducted on the occasion of Mahanavami each year.

But since the event was cancelled, the school organised a Ganapati homam. But this did not stop intolerant CPIM from stopping Hindus from exercising their right to religion.

CPIM reprimands party leader for praying at temple

In September 2017, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) reprimanded its Minister, Kadakampally Surendran, for visiting the ancient Sree Guruvayur temple in Thrissur and offering pushpanjali on the behest of his family members.

He was draped in a mundu and melmundu, and was seen wearing chandanakuri in pictures that went viral on social media. Surendran’s children were dressed as Lord Krishna. At that time, he was serving as Kerala Devaswom Minister.

The party’s internal committee declared that the conduct of the CPIM leader was ‘not in accordance with’ the principles of the party. An inquiry report was also submitted based solely on the temple visit of Kadakampally Surendran.

The CPIM committee declared that offering prayers at the Sree Guruvayur temple was against the principles of CPIM. It directed Kadakampally Surendran to follow the footsteps of other party leaders.

CPIM leader under scrutiny for meeting astrologer

In August this year, CPIM state secretary M V Govindan came under scrutiny for visiting a Hindu astrologer named Mahava Poduval. He faced the ire of the party for discussing ‘astrology’.

The astrologer had to issue a clarification that the CPIM leader came to meet his family and have tea. “He did not discuss anything about astrology during the visit,” Mahava Poduval clarified.

He further added, “Don’t mix the personal relationship with astrology…It is unbearable for me if anyone says that Govindan master checked his astrology.”

Poduval pointed out that he has a personal connection with CPIM leader and Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan.

Objection to everything ‘Hindu’

In July 2022, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) objected to the conduct of Puja during the unveiling of the National emblem.

The party has also been instrumental in dislodging the world’s only Hindu monarchy in Nepal.

Anti-Hindu propaganda on CPIM

In February 2025, OpIndia reported how the CPIM resorted to anti-Hindu propaganda in its 64-page draft political resolution.

On Page 18 of the political draft resolution of the CPIM, the party went on a hysterical rant against the rise of Hindu forces in the erstwhile ‘Hindu rastra’ of Nepal.

As part of its nefarious anti-Hindu agenda, CPIM claimed, “The pro-monarchy forces are trying to utilise the popular discontent to once again gain acceptance among the people and emerge as an alternative political force. Pro-Hindutva, RSS elements are actively supporting these forces and are campaigning against the newly adopted secular constitution and the communist parties.“

The Communist party further labelled the inauguration of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya as an ‘aggressive continuation of Hindutva drive.’

It also tried to negate demands for the restoration of Hindu religious sites, which are subdued by disputed structures built by Islamic tyrants. (Page 22 of the draft resolution).

“The inauguration of the Ram temple at Ayodhya in January 2024 became a State-sponsored event, with the Prime Minister himself conducting the religious rituals. The next step has been to target the Gyanvapi mosque in Varanasi and the Eidgah in Mathura to establish legal disputes on these two sites by claiming that there were Hindu temples existing there. This was the original VHP slogan that the three sites in Ayodhya, Kashi and Mathura should be handed over to Hindus to build temples,” the CPIM made its anti-Hindu mindset crystal clear. (Page 32 of the draft resolution).

The Communist Party also resorted to reinforcing the idea of Muslim street veto, which makes roads and areas inaccessible to the rest of the population and Hindus in particular. It sought to blame the Hindu community to take puja processiosn through ‘minority areas’ and causing provocations.

“Taking out religious processions during festivals like Ram Navami, Hanuman Jayanti and Ganesh Puja, entering minority areas and causing provocations leading to clashes, have become a regular feature…In all these incidents, it is the members of the minority
community who face police repression,” it claimed. (Page 32 of the draft resolution)

CPIM also objected to the enactment of legislations such as those against grooming jihad, which protect Hindu women from being lured by Muslim men into conversions under the pretext of marriages. (Page 33 of the draft resolution). It also objected to the crackdown on predatory religious conversions of Adivasis by evangelist groups.

CPIM further revealed its anti-Hindu antecedents when it claimed, “The new Parliament building was inaugurated by the Prime Minister with Hindu religious rituals and a ‘Sengol’ placed behind the Speaker’s Chair.” (Page 34 of the draft resolution)

The Communist party continued to mock Hindu sentiments and tried to pass off our ithihasa as ‘mythology’. It also objected to the presentation of Hindus in a positive light on TV, media etc.

On Page 41 of the draft resolution, it claimed, “The RSS has increased its hold on cultural and research institutions by infiltrating them with its elements. They seek to rewrite Indian history from a communal standpoint, and to project mythology as real history.”

“The Hindutva communal agenda cannot succeed until it becomes part of the ‘common sense’ of the people at large. For this, propagation via popular culture is crucial. Thus their unrelenting efforts to infiltrate and control the film industry, television channels and OTT
platforms, popular music, and even, of late, high art,” CPIM made their anti-Hindu agenda clear. (Page 42 of the draft resolution).

On Page 45, CPIM tried to pit ‘Sanatan Dharma’ against ‘Manuvad’, although its party leaders had supported calls for the eradication of both.

The party also vowed to mobilise forces to counter Hindutva.

The Communist Party put out ‘token condemnation’ of radical Islamic outfits like Jamaat-e-Islami and SDPI but was quick to suggest that their radicalisation was somehow due to rise of Hindutva.

“Muslim fundamentalist and extremist organisations like the Jamaat-e-Islami and the SDPI (political wing of the Popular Front of India) are working to expand their influence among the Muslim masses. They seek to utilise the alienation and fears among the minority community, who are subject to constant attacks by the Hindutva forces...Though minority communalism cannot be equated with the Hindutva communal forces who are in power, it must be understood that extremist minority activities only strengthen the forces of majority communalism,” CPIM claimed (Page 54 of the draft resolution).

‘Islam ruined our daughters’ minds, both still trapped’: Parents of Hindu sisters targeted by Agra conversion gang share their ordeal with OpIndia

केशव मालान
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‘Islam ruined our daughters’ minds, both still trapped’: Parents of Hindu sisters targeted by Agra conversion gang share their ordeal with OpIndia

Agra Police recently exposed what they say is the country’s biggest religious conversion racket under Operation Asmita. Police, along with the bust, also rescued two sisters who had gone missing and were eventually traced to Kolkata’s Muslim-dominated neighborhood. The girls have since been reunited with their parents, who emotionally described the ordeal their family had to go through and the influence that led the daughters astray.

Police authorities stated the girls who were rescued are being counseled on a regular basis while investigations continue. The case served to emphasise how young vulnerable women can be manipulated through religious indoctrination and targeted by organized groups.

The mother of the two sisters shared with OpIndia that their ordeal began on 24th March, when both daughters suddenly left home without telling anyone. They carried some clothes, cash, and personal belongings with them.

“That day, we had gone to attend a satsang. They weren’t upset with us or angry, but their minds had already been poisoned. Islam had influenced them badly,” the mother said.

She admitted that the family never wanted their daughters to be exposed to Islamic influence but were powerless once they fell under it. “We didn’t like Islam and we did not want our girls to come under its impact. But it happened. The Agra Police have done a very brave job by bringing our daughters back safely,” she said.

The father also thanked them, appreciating the efforts of Agra Police Commissioner Deepak Kumar and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath.

How the influence began

The parents told OpIndia that their elder daughter, a PhD aspirant preparing for her NET exams at a coaching centre, came into contact with a muslim girl from Kashmir named Saima. Saima allegedly targeted her by criticising Hindu traditions and gradually influencing her mindset.

“One day, Saima even came home with my daughter. That was the start of it,” the mother recalled.

Saima convinced both the sisters to accompany her from Agra on 26th February, 2021. The younger daughter was just 14 years old at that time. They first went to Jammu, where Saima kept them at her married sister’s home. The next morning, after breakfast, they planned to travel nearly 170 km to Kashmir.

A landslide on the highway halted their journey. The police detained them even before they could travel to Kashmir, and the sisters were rescued.

Parents regret not acting earlier

The father admitted they had underestimated Saima’s intentions and now regret not taking legal action earlier.

“Even when my daughter asked her to let her speak to me, Saima refused. She even destroyed the SIM card to cut off contact. Still, we didn’t file a case against her. That was our mistake. If we had acted then, maybe this wouldn’t have happened again,” he said.

Changed behaviour at home

After being brought back from Jammu and Kashmir, the sisters initially showed clear signs of being influenced. According to their mother, they began praising Islam openly and insisted on reading namaz and observing roza during Ramadan.

“This went on for 8–10 days. We strongly opposed it, and eventually they stopped and behaved normally again,” she said. But the incident had already left a mark. The parents grew stricter and stopped the sisters from leaving home freely, something that apparently troubled Saima.

Even now, the parents believe their daughters are still under the influence of Islamic thought. “They say things like, ‘You people worship idols, but Islam believes in only one God.’ Earlier they would listen to us, but now they argue and get angry. We are very worried about their future,” the mother said.

Despite her fear, she added with hope: “I pray every day that somehow our daughters return to Sanatan Dharma.”

Operation Asmita and the wider racket

Agra police has rescued the two sisters became one of the key breakthroughs that helped them bust the larger conversion racket. Under Operation Asmita, police rescued seven girls in total and arrested 14 accused individuals, who have been sent to jail.

Officials say this racket is the biggest of its kind uncovered so far, but warn that it may not be the only one. Many such groups, they believe, remain active in different parts of the country, working to lure girls away from their families and targeting the Hindu girls. The problem is bigger than one gang.

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